VOCABPROFILE ENGLISH OUTPUT

Note: In the output text, punctuation is eliminated; all figures (1, 20, etc) are replaced by the word number; contractions are replaced by constituent words (won't => will not); type-token ration is calculated using said constituents; and in the 1k sub-analysis content + function words may sum to less than total (depending on user treatment of proper nouns and program decision to class numbers as 1k although not contained in 1k list).

Integral text: unit number chapter number technology and society number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what aspects of our society have changed the most during the past fifty years what is one important cause of social change in what ways are societies today better or worse than they were number years ago give some examples number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge when you study vocabulary it is important to notice both the number of new words you are learning and how much your knowledge of previously studied words is increasing use the following scale to determine your knowledge of the academic words in this chapter number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing look at each of the target words in the box use the above scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement target words capacity diverse evidence item complex element evolve manipulate contrast encounter furthermore neutral consequences environment generation source contemporary estimate global symbolize decline eventually interact transform number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on sociology the passage introduces the concept of society and societal change as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold human societies from the iceman to us number"i thought at first it was a doll head said helmut simon a german tourist who in number made one of the scientific finds of the century simon was hiking across a huge glacier in south west austria near the italian border when he stumbled upon a familiar shape protruding from the melting ice he soon realized that it was not a doll but a human body the socalled iceman who died some number number years ago making him the oldest member of our species to be discovered essentially intact number imagine you were born some number years ago in the year number although this is very recent in terms of the billions of years of the existence of planet earth you would still have been living in a remarkably different world you would never have been to a shop let alone a shopping center you would never have encountered the world of cars railways airplanes telephones cameras computers televisions and more than this the idea of voting for your government going to college choosing your religion or even choosing your identity would all have been rare welcome to the modern world numberlife has certainly changed in number years and sociology was born out of a concern with this rapidly changing character of the modern industrial world with where we have come from and where we are heading for sociologists the term society means all the people who interact in a defined space and share culture in this sense both a continent like europe and specific individual countries such as norway or japan may be seen as societies number even humans living thousands of years ago were members of early human societies evidence for this comes from the iceman so named because he was discovered untouched in an austrian glacier in number examining the iceman clothes scientists were astonished at how advanced this cave man society was the iceman hair was neatly cut and his body had numerous tattoos that probably symbolized his standing in the community he wore a skillfully sewn leather coat over which a grass cape provided greater protection from the weather his shoes also made of leather were stuffed with grass for comfort and warmth he carried with him an axe a wood handled knife and a bow that shot feathered arrows with stone points a primitive backpack held additional tools and personal items including natural medicines made from plants it is estimated that he died some number number years ago before a great empire existed in egypt before the flowering of culture in ancient greece and before any society in europe built a single city as people who take for granted rapid transportation and instant global communication we can look on this ancestor as a connection to our distant past number sociologists have identified great differences among societies that have flourished and declined throughout human history they have observed how societies change over centuries as the people in them gain greater ability to manipulate their natural environment societies with basic technology can support only a small number of people who enjoy few choices about how to live technologically complex societies while not necessarily better in any absolute sense develop large populations people in these societies are likely to lead diverse highly specialized lives number the greater the amount of technological skill and knowledge a society has the faster the rate at which the society changes technologically simple societies then change very slowly take for example some of the clothing worn by the austrian iceman it differs only slightly from clothes used by shepherds in the same area of the world early in the twentieth century by contrast industrial technologically advanced societies change so quickly that people witness remarkable transformations within their lifetimes again consider some familiar elements of contemporary culture that would probably puzzle delight and possibly frighten people who lived just a few generations ago fast food faxes mobile phones computer games artificial hearts fiber optics test tube babies and many many others indeed it is a strange modern world we live in even when compared with the world of the recent past number consider also the countless consequences of technological change when our ancestors first harnessed the power of the wind by using a sail they set the stage for the invention of kites sailing ships windmills and eventually airplanes we are only now beginning to see how our modern lives are being changed by recent technologies like atomic energy or the computer number sociologists divide societies into five types according to their technologies number hunting and gathering societies number horticultural and pastoral societies number agrarian societies number industrial societies and number postindustrial societies hunting and gathering societies use simple technologies to gather food from nature such as hunting animals and picking berries horticultural and pastoral societies grow their own plants and raise animals to eat agrarian societies which first appeared around the time of the iceman use technologies such as animal drawn ploughs to farm on a larger scale agrarian societies were also the first to develop such technological innovations as irrigation the wheel writing numbers and expanded uses for metals industrial societies use technology that powers sophisticated machinery with advanced sources of energy before the industrial era the major source of energy was the muscle power of humans and animals in industrial societies people learn mechanical skills so that they can operate the machinery needed to produce material goods these societies transformed themselves more in a century than previous societies had in thousands of years postindustrial societies like the ones many of us live in today have developed technologies that support an information based economy people in these societies create process store and apply information through the use of computers fax machines satellites and other forms of communication technology number technology has a big impact on a society but in itself it is neutral people are the ones who decide how to use technology and whether it is used for good or bad purposes armed with the capacity to reshape the world human societies must understand both the social benefits and problems caused by the desire for technological change furthermore it is important to note that the five types of societies described above do not evolve into each other in an automatic process in fact in modern times all of these societies may be said to coexist adapted from macionis j j and plummer k number sociology a global introduction new york prentice hall europe pp number number words number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what do sociologists mean by the term society do you agree with this definition why or why not number describe three technological advances in recent years that have changed the society you live in number how are technologically advanced societies different from societies with simpler technologies give an example of each type of society number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words with their definitions if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pages number then check your dictionary the first one has been done for you set number number c number source a having many closely related parts or details number diverse b not supporting one purpose or cause above another number estimate c where something comes from number encounter d different or varied number complex e a single thing in a set a group or list number neutral f judge an amount partly by calculating number item and partly by guessing g meet someone or experience something without planning to set number number interact a the average period of time between the birth of a number element person and the birth of that person children number contemporary b a basic or important part of something number generation c talk or work together with others number consequences d skillfully handle control or use something number manipulate e a word used to introduce comparison between people number contrast objects or situations f the results of a particular action or situation g belonging to the present time modern number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym word or phrase with a similar meaning for the numbered word cross it out the first one has been done for you number evolve develop number transform change change make over correct succeed grow alter number global limited number furthermore in addition international on the other hand overall also worldwide moreover number environment setting number eventually finally pollution in time surroundings in the end situation in a little while number evidence facts number decline go down information improve proof weaken belief fall number symbolize be an emblem of number capacity ability change power stand for progress represent competence b word families most words belong to a family of words with a shared meaning for example the word forms serious seriousness and seriously are related to one another to know which form to use you must figure out the word part of speech in a sentence in the reading human societies forms of the word technology appear number times the differences in the spelling indicate different parts of speech as shown below noun verb adjective adverb technology x no form technological technologically number the table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the chart x indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table verb noun adjective adverb interact interaction interactive interactively diversify number diversity number diversification diverse diversely estimate number estimate number estimation estimated x x number globe number globalization global globally symbolize number number x complex x transform x x eventually evolve x number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide the first one has been done for you number a communication is one area in which there have been amazing developments in technology b technologically advanced methods of growing food have still not prevented hunger in some parts of the world number a visitors to a new country are encouraged to interact with the local people to learn more about their culture b social is an important part of childhood development number a environmentalists work to save endangered plants and animals because biological diversity is necessary for the existence of humankind b major soft drink companies have their product line by adding bottled water as a new product number a the estimation that one fifth of americans are seriously overweight is shocking b historians that among the more than number number people who died on the titanic class age and sex played a key role in who lived and who died number a the worldwide popularity of products like the walkman is an example of globalization b environmental groups and governments use the phrase think act locally to encourage people to think of ways to save resources everyday number a both a red cross and a red crescent are used to symbolize the international organization whose aim is to protect and provide assistance to victims of war b historically being overweight was once a of wealth because it showed that you had enough money to eat well number a many people feel that the job of being a parent today is much more complex than it was in the past b the of the relationship between technological development and environmental change is still not fully understood number a since the fall of the berlin wall in number many eastern european communist parties have transformed themselves into socialist parties b the newly factory now houses number young professionals living in luxury apartments number a the eventual end of the strike occurred after long discussions between union leaders and the employer b one purpose of insurance is to protect people from an that they cannot otherwise prepare for in advance number a languages as diverse as danish and chinese have influenced the evolution of the english language b because medical technology is always doctors must regularly attend training programs c collocation when you look at words in context you can see patterns in the way they are used these patterns are not based on rules of grammar but on traditions of use by native speakers certain words tend to occur together and this is called collocation for example we say tall girl tall building and high wall high point but we do not say high girl high building or tall wall tall point sometimes the link between word partners and their meaning is clear and unsurprising for example in the collocations bright light or heavy load other times the link may be unexpected as when we say bright child or heavy heart here are some typical collocation patterns noun number verb birds sing verb number noun deliver a baby adjective number noun specific information verb number adverb breathe heavily noun numbernoun bear market because collocations are not based on rules of grammar the patterns for each word are one of a kind therefore you must build up your knowledge of collocations one at a time this section introduces a sample of the patterns you need to know in your academic reading and writing apply your growing understanding of collocation to new words and words you already know each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners the first one has been done for you number the news report resulted in damaging consequences for the company pollution in the oceans can have very damaging consequences for ocean life the damaging consequences of unemployment affect all levels of society the failure of the bank will have damaging consequences for its customers number the rapid decline in housing prices had a negative effect on the economy the team failure to win any games led to a rapid decline in fan support because of the rapid decline in the patient health the doctor had to perform an emergency operation number the government was accused of manipulating the unemployment figures to cover up the seriousness of the problem united nations election observers aim to prevent candidates from manipulating voting figures before and after elections the accountants of several leading companies have been manipulating profit and loss figures to hide the true state of company finances number there is mounting evidence that some types of fish will disappear completely from the north sea if over fishing is not stopped the education department has mounting evidence that the newly introduced tests are not leading to higher standards of teaching and learning there is mounting scientific evidence that global warming is damaging the earth atmosphere number university sources confirmed that tuition prices would rise next year government sources confirmed that the president would travel to the far east in early spring media sources confirmed that fighting had restarted in the war zone number the basic elements of an enjoyable movie are a good story and interesting characters soy products are a basic element of many chinese and japanese recipes a basic element of the new economic plan was a reduction in taxes for the poor and elderly number if we do not take care of the environment now future generations will suffer future generations may be even more dependent on technology than we are it is difficult to guess how future generations will live number years from now number the united nations issued a resolution to protect the environment every country needs to do its part to protect the environment we can protect the environment by using non polluting sources of energy such as wind power number the earning capacity of a woman in her lifetime is generally much less than that of a man government officials argue that the costs of tuition for college students are offset by increased earning capacity after graduation variations in the earning capacity of stocks and bonds are related to rises and falls in the market number there is often a marked contrast between the cost of living in cities and the cost of living in the countryside voters observed a marked contrast between the politician pre election promises and his voting record in congress teachers have noticed a marked contrast in behavior between children who do not have breakfast before school and those who do number expansion an important part of academic study is forming and supporting opinions about the topic you are studying a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions with a partner number the globalization of contemporary culture will eventually destroy the uniqueness of diverse societies number there is no real evidence for the existence of unidentified flying objects ufos number it is no longer realistic for the members of one generation to expect their standard of living to be significantly better than that of the previous generation number all governments should cut back on military spending furthermore the money saved should be used to support the neediest members of society number governments should charge higher taxes on luxury items so that necessities such as heating oil and clothing can be sold tax free number in order to save the environment governments of developed countries should limit individuals use of natural resources number there is not enough interaction between teenagers and parents these days number taking a position of neutrality in times of disagreement is a sign of weakness number newspapers unfairly manipulate public opinion by printing one sided news stories number young people today are likely to encounter more difficulties in their lives than their parents did a generation ago b now choose one of the statements from part a write a short personal essay that expresses your opinions and reasoning be sure to provide evidence to support your opinions unit number chapter number social experience and personal development number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates who influenced you most when you were growing up do you think this person or group of people had an important role in shaping the kind of person you are today why or why not what kind of influence would you like to have on the next generation number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words affect conflict ethnicity range apparent conform evaluation retain aspect contact gender rigid attitude distinction media significance concept document persist style confer dominance process vary number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on sociology the passage focus on four factors that influence our social development today as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold social forces that shape us number every social experience we have affects us in at least some small way in modern industrial and postindustrial societies however there are four familiar influences that have special significance in the socialization process they are the family schooling peer groups and the mass media the family number the family is the most important agent of socialization because it represents the center of children lives babies are almost totally dependent on others and the responsibility of meeting their needs almost always falls on parents and other family members at least until the start of schooling the family is responsible for teaching children cultural values attitudes and prejudices about themselves and others number family based socialization is not entirely intentional children learn continuously from the kind of environment that adults create for them whether children learn to think of themselves as strong or weak smart or stupid loved or simply tolerated and whether they believe the world to be safe or dangerous largely stems from this early environment that adults create number parenting styles aside parental attention is important in the social development of children physical contact verbal stimulation and openness from parents and others all encourage intellectual growth number the family also confers on children a specific social position that is parents not only bring children into the physical world they also place them in society in terms of race ethnicity religion and class in time all of these elements become part of a child self concept or idea of him or her self of course some aspects of social position may change later on but social standing at birth affects us throughout our lives in many ways then parents teach their children to follow in their footsteps schooling number schooling stretches children social world to include people with social backgrounds that differ from their own as children encounter social diversity they learn the significance society gives to people race and sex and they often act accordingly for instance studies document the tendency of children to gather together in play groups composed of one race and gender number formally schooling teaches children a wide range of knowledge and skills but schools provide a host of other lessons informally through what sociologists call the hidden curriculum activities such as spelling tests and sports teach children key cultural values such as competitive success children also receive countless formal and informal messages supporting their society way of life as morally good number moving beyond the personal web of family life children entering school soon discover that evaluations of skills like reading and arithmetic are based on impersonal standardized tests here the focus changes from who they are to how they perform of course the confidence or anxiety that children develop at home can have a significant effect on how well they perform in school number school is also most children first experience with rigid formality the school day runs on a strict timetable and children are encouraged to conform to impersonal rules and be on time not surprisingly conformity and punctuality are the same kinds of behavior expected by most of the large organizations that will employ these same children later in life number schools also socialize children with regard to gender although gender roles are evolving in the first years of school boys often take part in more physical activities and spend more time outdoors while girls tend to be less active gender distinctions continue into the higher years and persist right through college women for example encounter pressure to choose degrees in the arts or humanities while men are steered towards the physical sciences the peer group number by the time they enter school children have also discovered the peer group a social group whose members have interests social position and age in common a young child peer group is generally made up of neighborhood friends later peer groups are composed of friends from school or elsewhere number unlike the family and the school the peer group allows young people to escape from the direct control of adults with this newfound independence members of peer groups gain valuable experience in forming social relationships on their own and developing a sense of themselves apart from their families peer groups also give young people the opportunity to discuss interests that may not be shared by adults such as fashion and popular music or are not approved of by parents such as violent movies or video games number for the young the attraction of the peer group lies in the ever present possibility of activity not permitted by adults for the same reason parents express concern about who their children friends are in a rapidly changing society peer groups often rival parents in influence as the attitudes of parents and children separate along the lines of a generation gap the dominance of peer groups is typically strongest during the teenage years as young people begin to break away from their families and think of themselves as responsible adults at this stage of life young people often show anxious conformity to peers because this new identity and sense of belonging eases some of the anxiety brought on by breaking away from the family number the conflict between parents and peers may be more apparent than real however for even during the teenage years children remain strongly influenced by their families peers may guide short term concerns such as fashion and musical taste but parents retain greater influence over the long term goals of their children one study for example found that parents had more influence than even best friends on young people educational aspirations the mass media number the fourth major influence on social development is the mass media impersonal communications directed to a vast audience the term media is a latin word meaning middle suggesting that the media function to connect people today more than ever the mass media television radio and newspapers have a great impact on our lives for this reason they are an important element in the socialization process television introduced in number has rapidly become the dominant means of communication throughout the world just how dependent on television are we figures vary by group nation class and gender but average homes may well keep a television on for seven hours or more each day years before children learn to read watching television has become a regular habit and as they grow up young girls and boys spend as many hours in front of a television as they do in school indeed children spend as much time watching television as they do interacting with their parents number family schooling peers and mass media all have an impact on how we are socialized as children each of these social influences has the power to shape our thoughts feelings and actions yet as free humans we also have the ability to act back on society and in so doing shape our own lives and the world we live in as is evident in the changes that have occurred in gender roles in the last thirty years adapted from macionis j j and plummer k number sociology a global introduction new york prentice hall europe pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number describe each of the four factors that shape our social development give examples of how each factor shapes us number how are the influences of family and peer group related to one another number in what ways can peer groups have a positive influence in what ways can they have a negative effect give examples number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number many words have more than one meaning when you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading you can look up the word in a dictionary if the word has multiple meanings use context clues words and phrases around the word to figure out which meaning fits each of the following target words appears in the reading on pages number use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate each word in context read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading the first one is done for you b number significance number a the meaning of a word sign action etc especially when this is not immediately clear discussion of the significance of the poem b the importance of an event action etc especially because of the influences it will have in the future we are just starting to realize the significance of the problem number process number a a system or a treatment of materials that is used to produce goods an advanced industrial process b a series of human actions or operations that are performed intentionally to reach a particular result the process of learning to read number attitude number a the way that you behave toward someone or something especially when this shows how you feel sarah a good student with a good attitude b informal a style or behavior that shows you have the confidence to do daring things without caring what others think this is solid rock n roll played with attitude number style number a the particular way that someone behaves works or deals with other people i prefer a more informal teaching style b a particular design or fashion especially for something such as clothes hair furniture etc number contact number a communication or meeting with a person organization country etc or the occasion on which the communication takes place b the act or state of touching or being close to someone or something the disease cannot be spread through casual contact number aspect number a the direction in which a window room or door faces b one part of a situation idea plan etc that has many parts number range number a a number of different things of the same general type b the distance within which something can be seen or heard number rigid number a physically stiff and not moving or bending b strict or difficult to change rigid rules number distinction number a a clear difference between things the distinction between rights and laws b something that makes a person or thing special neil armstrong had the distinction or being the first man on the moon number conflict number a a state of disagreement or argument between people groups countries etc serious political conflict b a situation in which there is a choice between two or more opposing things the principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality number apparent number a seeming to be real or true although it may not really be so b easily noticed or understood her embarrassment was apparent to everyone number retain number a keep something or continue to have something b keep facts in your memory number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box the first one is done for you affect vary evaluation conform ethnicity persist concept dominance document gender media confer number employers cannot ask about ethnicity on job application forms race nationality number the older boy over the younger children worried some parents power control number overseas travel can a person view of the world influence change number ideas of correct parenting from culture to culture differ contrast number parents their children early life through the family photo album record set down number the teacher positive of the student work increased her confidence assessment judgment number heavy rain will throughout the weekend continue carry on number many teenagers do not want to to their parents style of dress or taste in music adapt adjust number the event was widely publicized in the local newspaper radio number one goal of public schooling is to help children develop a n of social responsibility idea view number a country constitution on its citizens certain rights and responsibilities gives bestows number writers will often use plural forms to replace the pronouns he and she in order to avoid bias in their writing sexual identity female or male word tip note that social scientists often use the word gender to refer to a social or cultural distinction while they use the word sex to refer to a biological distinction between male and female gender affects the total salary people will receive in their lifetime scientific and technological advances allow expectant parents to find out the sex of their baby before it is born b word families most of the target words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family by learning the other members of a word family you can recognize words more quickly when you read or listen and express yourself more clearly when you write or speak spelling patterns can help you identify a word part of speech number study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below an example has been done for you word families table verb noun adjective adverb conform conformity x x contact contact contact x x distinction distinct distinctive distinctly distinctively dominate domination dominance dominant dominating x x ethnicity ethnic ethnically evaluate evaluation evaluative x persist persistence persistent persistently x rigidity rigid rigidly x significance significant significantly vary variation varied x nouns number ity number tion number ance or ence adjectives adverbs number read each sentence and identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank use the word families table above to help you the first one has been done for you number because it burns more cleanly natural gas has a significant significance environmental advantage over oil number even a small vary in the amount of medicine given to person who is sick can have serious consequences number teenagers often rebel against the conform of school uniforms by personalizing book bags and notebooks with decorations number there are persist rumors that the software company will soon go out of business number although the sound was coming from far away he could still hear it distinct number britain was the dominate international power during the number century number contact lenses made out of glass were first developed in germany in number number the subjective nature of literature makes it difficult to evaluation the true worth of any particular story or poem number the strength of a building or bridge largely depends on the rigid of the materials used to build it number while factors such as age and gender do significantly affect participation in sports factors such as marital status and ethnic do not c collocation you develop your knowledge of collocations by seeing and hearing words in many contexts and noticing which words form partnerships with one another remember that a collocation can contain different parts of speech and perform different grammatical functions within a sentence as shown in the examples below examples a weak students often have a bad attitude toward completing homework adjective number noun b scientists attitudes toward the theory changed after the surprising discovery noun number preposition c he had a complete change in attitude after failing the test noun number noun each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose the collocation from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence the first one has been done for you number a the local media gave greater coverage to the story of the school fire than to the president speech b the news media is influential in shaping the opinions of society c famous people often accuse the mass media of invading their privacy d small town human interest stories and public service announcements are most commonly found in local media number a public anger with the plan will force a more critical evaluation of all future projects b only a neutral person can give a truly objective evaluation of a situation c we need a realistic evaluation of the medical options in order to make a clear decision d an outside expert was called in to provide a n of the proposed budget because there was too much disagreement between department heads number a the national park retained control of the land even though it was being used for commercial farming b american universities retain close ties with past graduates through their alumni associations c home health nurses serve a vital function in that they allow the elderly to retain their independence even after the effects of aging have set in d in order to over the crowd at the parade the police set up barriers to prevent spectators from walking into the street number a the president of the university was happy to confer an honorary degree on the nobel peace prize winner b among many primitive tribes being an skilled hunter confers a high status upon an individual c each year the queen of england confers titles on british subjects who have provided particularly useful services to the country d wearing a trendy brand of clothes can do much to on teenagers in the eyes of their peers number a poor physical conditions a heavy workload and personality conflicts with co workers are all causes of stress at work b by unlocking the secrets of dna scientists have opened up new areas of potential conflict between scientific progress and ethics c the general had no wish to start an armed conflict that he was not certain of winning d the political leaders were unable to prevent the peaceful protests developing into number a finding a cure for cancer is a continuing process b the decision making process in large organizations can be awkward and unmanageable c quality control must be in place in all phases of the production process d the industrial revolution led to major changes in the of a variety of man made goods number a people who have a positive attitude towards life tend to live longer b many people adopt a wait and see attitude toward new technology c students often express unfavorable attitudes to video taped lectures being offered in place of a live professor d the older generation often has a n toward the fashion and music of the younger generation number a although the history of the first and second world wars has been amply documented new accounts of both wars are still being written b the contents of the art exhibition had to be fully documented for insurance purposes c the scientist report carefully documents the development of the new drug d the causes of many social problems have not been because research is still ongoing number a the supermarket was popular with international students because it stocked an extensive range of ethnic foods b the restaurant could only offer a restricted range of meals because the electricity had gone out earlier in the day c the college was able to offer a surprising range of degrees given its small size d the toys were only suitable for a n age as they had many small parts which could be swallowed by small children number a the goal of today lecture is to examine the concept of culturel in today multicultural society b efforts to develop the concept of a global village are being held back by ongoing ethnic and regional conflicts c the staff development workshop aimed to introduce the concept of relationship marketing to the sales team d scientists are working to of artificial intelligence through work with increasingly complex computer programs number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box be sure to use the correct word form based on the context affects aspects distinct media style apparent conform gender significantly varies emotions in global perspective do we all feel the same number we know that the people in our family school and peer group affect the person we become in addition the mass number particularly television affects our social development since every person experiences and environment are somewhat different does this mean that all people are completely number from one another or are there some number which all people share for example do people the world over share similar feelings and do they express them in the same way number in fact scientists have concluded that people throughout the world experience six basic emotions anger fear disgust happiness surprise and sadness moreover people everywhere can easily recognize these emotions in the same distinctive facial expressions this seeming or number similarity means that much of our emotional life is universal rather than culturally variable and that the display of emotion is biologically programmed rather than determined by our environment number but even if the reality of emotions is rooted in our biology there are three ways in which emotional life differs number in the global perspective first what causes a specific emotion number from one society to another whether people define a particular situation as an insult causing anger a loss calling forth sadness or a mystical event provoking surprise and awe depends on the cultural surroundings of the individual number second people number to the norms of their culture when displaying emotion every society has rules about when where and to whom an individual may show certain emotions for instance people in the united states typically expect children to express emotions to parents though adults are taught to guard their emotions in front of children number third society number how people cope with emotions some societies encourage the expression of feelings while others require a calmer number of behavior for example in america when someone encounters an old friend after a long period of time the two may hug each other in other countries they may only shake hands societies also display significant gender differences in this regard in england most people consider emotional expression as feminine expected of women but a sign of weakness in men in other societies however this number typing of emotions is less pronounced or even reversed adapted from macionis j j and plummer k number sociology a global introduction new york prentice hall europe ppnumber number words b think about what you have just read and what you know about how emotions are expressed differently in various countries working with a partner select two countries and write a comparison contrast essay that focuses on how emotions are expressed in these two countries in what ways is emotional expression similar in what ways is emotional expression different unit number chapter number the changing nature of the family number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates how many people are there in your family is this a good number why or why not what is the average family size in your country is there a trend toward having larger or smaller families what are the advantages and disadvantages of larger and smaller families number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words assistance cooperate maintain purchase available domestic minority rely consist function negative resource consume isolation network structure contribute labor nuclear transition conversely locate promote trend number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on sociology the passage focuses on a typical model of the family and how that is changing as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold family structure number although families around the world perform many of the same functions family structure differs significantly from society to society and even from group to group because family structure is such an important aspect of premodern and modern societies it has always been a special focus in the social sciences kinship vs family number sociologists and anthropologists make an important distinction between the family and the kinship group although both are commonly called families in english kinship refers to a social group of people who are related by common ancestry or origin by marriage or by adoption kin can include close relatives such as parents and distant relatives such as third cousins kin do not always live together and function as a group although they recognize certain rights responsibilities and obligations to one another for example in american society kin may come together for thanksgiving or a family reunion numberin contrast a family is a relatively small domestic group who do function as a cooperative unit in the united states the family is usually a group consisting of parents and their children in many societies though the family includes relatives from three or more generations for example a group of brothers and their wives their sons and their unmarried daughters and their sons wives and children may live together or near one another cooperating to raise food maintain the home and care for children and the elderly if the individuals function as a single unit sociologists consider them to be a family if however they simply live next door to one another and do not pool their resources they are viewed as separate families even though they may be related numberduring their lifetimes most people are members of two different types of family groups the family into which they were born and the family that they create when they marry and have children societies differ in the cultural emphasis they place on these two groups among the pueblo indians for example the family a person is born into is given a special significance whereas the family a person marries into is treated more casually when a pueblo indian couple marry the woman stays in her mother household and her husband moves in if the couple do not get along and divorce the husband moves back to his mother household with little fuss nuclear and extended families number although the culturally ideal western family is the nuclear family a two generation family group that consists of a father and mother and their children usually living apart from other relatives variations on this pattern are common death and divorce leave many families with only one parent an elderly grandparent may join the household economic problems may force a married child to bring his or her partner and children to live with the family when a family is a group that consists of three or more generations it is called an extended family numbere two parent nuclear family is most typical of the middle and upper classes and while the single parent family is found in all social classes it is more common among the lower classes single parent families are generally the result of divorce and separation out of wedlock birth and male unemployment the extended family is also more common among the lower classes mainly because of economic conditions numbermost middle class nuclear families can afford to hire someone to babysit for their children to help them move to a new house or to care for the sick they are able to borrow money from the bank when they need it for emergencies or for luxury items such as a new car thus there are few economic reasons for a middle class family to be extended numbere purchase of products and services is a luxury that poorer families often cannot afford such families generally must rely on family members and relatives to provide the goods and services they cannot afford to buy a cousin will babysit a brother will lend money to his sister until the next payday a grandmother will take the children to a doctor if necessary without this network of shared assistance families with low incomes would not be able to provide for their needs or handle many types of emergencies the more family members who are available the more likely one is to get assistance thus large extended families with strong ties can be a real advantage indeed a necessity for lower income families the global trend towards nuclear families numberfamily structure around the world has been gradually changing in the direction of the nuclear form this transition is thought to have begun in pre industrial rural england at that time and place families of three or more generations were already a distinct minority numbertoday the trend toward the nuclear family seems to be closely associated with the urbanization industrialization and modernization of societies as industry replaces agriculture as the main form of work younger family members typically leave the farms and rural villages and move to the cities where jobs are located often weakening ties with those left behind once in the cities families continue to move for employment and other reasons such as better housing conditions retirement and more comfortable weather the agricultural family is likely to be extended and tied to a piece of land while the industrial family is nuclear and much more mobile number the decline of the extended family is thus promoted by the changing nature of work in rural societies as among the poor in industrial societies the extended family offers an economic advantage each member of the family does some productive work less able bodied family members such as children the elderly or members with a disability can each contribute in some way to the economic interests of the family unit in industrial societies however these family members are treated as less essential economically and are employed only under certain conditions for example when there is a labor shortage they therefore produce little for the family unit yet they consume at about the same rate as do producers the extended family can therefore be a disadvantage in industrial societies number the transition from the extended to the nuclear family has brought with it much greater freedom and personal mobility for the individual in the extended family individual needs are generally of lesser importance compared to the demands of the larger group privacy for example is hard to find however there are negative features to the nuclear family too although individuals are freed from a wide variety of responsibilities and obligations other family members are conversely no longer as responsible for them because the family is now a smaller unit emotional and economic support may be more limited as each family member has fewer people available to turn to for companionship or assistance the result may be the increased social isolation of individuals adapted from popenoe d number sociology englewood cliffs nj prentice hall pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what is the difference between a family and a kinship group number in what ways do economic factors such as income level and employment affect family structure number this reading was published in number what new trends in family structure have you observed in the number century describe how the family is changing number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning when you encounter an unfamiliar word use context clues to determine the word meaning look at the example suppose that you came across the word isolation in the following sentences but did not know the exact meaning of the word example people living in isolation are often lonely you know that lonely people are often by themselves or apart from other people people with dangerous diseases are often held in isolation areas in hospitals so that other people do not catch their disease you know that people with dangerous diseases must often be kept away from other people so that their disease will not spread from the context of each sentence you can determine that isolation means the state or act of being apart from others number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer the first one has been done for you number jobs requiring unskilled labor are often more physical than those requiring skilled labor as can be seen when comparing the job of a farm hand with that of a computer operator as a society industrializes and many jobs are taken over by machines the demand for labor decreases a process b employment c workers number exercise and sensible eating are necessary to maintain a healthy body many families now need to two incomes to maintain their desired lifestyle a increase b destroy c keep up number only a tiny minority of families earn more than one million dollars per year italians form a small ethnic minority in canada a larger part of a big group b a small part of a larger group c exactly number of a group number anger and hate are negative emotions children find that negative behavior often results in punishment a bad or harmful b good or helpful c somewhat good or helpful number supporters of democracy aim to promote its development worldwide when governments talk about family values many people believe their real aim is to promote the nuclear family a encourage b advertise c diminish number gold and diamonds are two of south africa most valuable natural resources the international company had enough financial resources to maintain its dominance over its domestic competition a possessions with a b possessions with no value c useful possessions little value number the united kingdom has a single national pay structure for all university teachers the structure of an english sentence includes a subject verb and object or complement a element b arrangement or organization c process number the transition between high school and college can be difficult which is why many students drop out the transition from communism to democracy is continuing in eastern europe a skill or ability b confusion c act or process of changing number the current trend in education is to encourage parents to take an active role in their children schooling at the beginning of the number century most stock markets were in a downward trend a situation without change b confused situation c general way things are changing number some pueblo cliff dwellings are located in mesa verde national park colorado housing located near train or subway stations often costs more because of the ease of getting to work a in a particular place b convenient c established number janet is steve wife conversely steve is janet husband rap music can be seen as a bad influence on young people or conversely it can be seen as a means of describing the realities of modern society a in speaking of this b because of this c in an opposite way number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of each target word write the meaning in your own words the first one has been done for you number people often assist the police by describing what happened during a crime the rescue service provided assistance to the ship in trouble assist to help or support number before you write a check you must be sure that you have enough money available in the bank to cover the amount the government wished to increase the availability of affordable health care to poorer people available number a month consists of number days a square is a shape consisting of four equal sides and four number angles consist number scientists recommend that people consume around two liters of water daily car manufactures are now able to lower fuel consumption because technological advances have made engines more efficient consume number cooperation between teachers and parents can do much to improve a child education conversation analysts have found that women tend to be cooperative in conversations while men tend to be competitive cooperate number those who are unable to contribute money to the school building fund may help by giving their time employees may contribute a percentage of their monthly salary to a pension fund which will be paid back to them after age number or at the time of retirement contribute number the police were called out to the family home to settle a domestic argument the artist painted a scene of happy domesticity a large family sitting around the table eating a festive meal domestic number the function of the telephone is to provide easy convenient communication even though the factory was a century old all of the equipment was still functional and worked perfectly function number the paris metro one of the best subway systems in the world contains a vast network of interconnected train lines the inter library loan network enables students and staff to borrow library books from other universities in the state network number many students prefer to rent formal clothing for dances and balls because the cost of purchasing such items is so high the family used most of its money for the purchase of necessities such as food and clothing purchase number these days many families rely on both husband and wife working in order to earn enough money for daily living bus use in the city is low because most commuters feel they cannot rely on a service that it is regularly late rely word tip in introductory academic texts subject related vocabulary is often defined in the text paragraph number of family structure gives the definition of the term nuclear family between two dashes although the culturally ideal western family is the nuclear family a two generation family group that consists of a father and mother and their children usually living apart from other relatives variations on this pattern are common as you read look out for other definitions of subject related vocabulary within parentheses commas or dashes b word families when using new words in writing learners often select a word with the right meaning but the wrong word form or part of speech checking your writing to ensure that you have used the correct form is a very important step in editing your work read the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used if the wrong form has been used write the correct form if the form is correct put a checkmark v the first two items have been done for you availability number the building boom in the city has increased the available of cheap office space number the transitional government carried out the work of the nation until the elections were held six months later number automotive groups believe that new roads must be built to solve traffic problems converse environmentalists believe that new roads simply add to these problems number products that are sold for both domestic and restaurant use are sometimes packaged differently number isolating is one form of punishment that prisons use for difficult criminals number after the storm there was only one functioning telephone in the area number fifteen percent of the world people consuming number percent of the world energy number one function of education in any country is the promotion of that country cultural values number like the family the workplace can only operate if there is a clear structurally number an individual daily contributor to the world pollution problems may seem small but when added together over years it is significant c collocation fluent users of a language have become used to the natural patterns in which words appear as a language learner it will be easier for others to understand you if you use these same natural patterns a number of the words in this unit form word partnerships or collocations this means that when one word occurs in the pair it naturally suggests the word or words around it remember that collocations often fall into the following simple patterns noun number verb verb number noun adjective number noun verb number adverb noun number noun match each target word in the box with the group of words that regularly occurs with it if the symbol appears before a word in a list e g shortage the target word comes before the word in the list e g labor shortage in all other cases the target word comes after the word in the list as in unskilled labor the first one has been done for you consist cooperation location network structure consumer labor minority resources trend number labor number number number number shortage sizeable bone primarily of decide on a saving ethnic family exclusively of ideal market groups management largely of pinpoint a unskilled communities price essentially of perfect number number number number number rights reverse a allocate old boy close confidence downward build up extensive international goods follow a waste computer spirit of protection observe a exhaust nationwide promote number expansion a read the statements about family life in the following chart evaluate each statement is it an advantage of living in nuclear families or extended families place a check in the appropriate box if the factor is equally advantageous for both types of family structure check the equal advantage box then discuss your opinions with a partner advantage of living in nuclear families advantage of living in extended families equal advantage for both family types number in cases of death or divorce there are more people available to help with the children number there are more people working helping to maintain a steady income during economic slowdowns number parents rely on their children to help with housework number there are fewer people who will ask for your assistance number there are more people around so there is less chance of feeling lonely and isolated number the government promotes families by offering tax credits for children number family members that cooperate with one another can do things that they could not do by themselves number domestic decision making requires less discussion number working family members contribute to the family purchasing power number expectations of relatives can have a negative impact on a couple freedom b write a short informative essay about one of the topics below be sure to support your ideas with clear examples how has family size changed in your home country since you were a child explain why these changes have happened what effects do changes in family size have on women explain what effects do changes in family size have on children explain unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary word meanings and word forms making good use of your dictionary will help you study and master academic vocabulary in addition to giving you information about a word meaning dictionaries also explain pronunciation grammar word families usage and other information if you do not have a dictionary ask your teacher to recommend one each review chapter in focus on vocabulary presents aspects of dictionary use a finding the right meaning when you look up a word you often find that it has more than one meaning in many dictionaries the first meaning is the most common one and therefore likely to be the one you need however this is not always the case so you should read all of the meanings to be sure to figure out which meaning is correct think about the context in which you heard or read the unfamiliar word look for clues to the correct meaning by checking the words and sentences surrounding the new word use these context clues to figure out which dictionary meaning fits read the entry below from the longman advanced american dictionary then reread paragraph number of the chapter number reading on page number use the entry and context clues to respond to the following questions and exercises fov number a dictionary realia from laad p number insert as realia the dictionary entry from laad for element p number number how many meanings does the dictionary entry give for the word element number which meaning matches the way elements is used in the reading write the number of the correct meaning number what clues helped you figure out the meaning of elements in the passage number write two sentences of your own to illustrate the meaning of elements as used in the reading b locating word forms you can use dictionaries to learn more about word forms and word families some word forms appear as their own entries in a dictionary for example study the separate entries for three forms of consume below other word forms may not have their own entries for example find and circle the adverb structurally in the entry below fov numberb numberc numberd numbere laad realia for consume consuming consumerism structural pp number and p number c practicing your dictionary skills now use your dictionary to look up the target words in the chart below write the number of meanings your dictionary gives for each word find out how many forms make up each word family write those forms in the correct column in the chart below the first one has been done for you number of meanings verbs nouns adjectives adverbs element number x element elemental elementary x complex maintain concept structure contact negative now compare your chart with a partner discuss any differences you find number strategy using word parts a using word roots many words in english are built up from roots that have a meaning for example the word psychology is made up of the roots psycho mind and ology study of below are some common word roots and their meanings learning the meaning of common word roots will help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar academic words word roots root meaning roots meaning auto self com together with equ equal spec spect to look bene good well dict to speak meter measure vert verse to change to turn use the word root chart to match the following academic words with their meanings write the letter of the correct definition the first one has been done for you d number automate a the limits which control the way something should be done number beneficial b to say the opposite of something number contradict c producing results that bring advantages number equate d to change to a system in which machines can do jobs by number parameter themselves number perspective e to change from one form system or purpose to a different number convert one or to make something do this f to consider that one thing is the same or equal to something else g the way you look at things which is influenced by the kind of person you are or by your experiences b using affixes as you know from your word family study english words can change their form when you add or remove word parts a prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word a suffix is a word part added to the end of a word together prefixes and suffixes are referred to as affixes some affixes change a word part of speech as shown in the examples below verb number tion noun communicate verb communication noun noun number ic adjective economy noun economic adjective adjective number ly adverb functional adjective functionally when identifying and building word families you must recognize the affixes that change a word part of speech the following exercises contain forms of the unit number target words the chapter numbers are given in parentheses review how the target words were used in the readings then complete the exercises use a dictionary if you need to an example has been done for you example verb noun dominate dominance suffix ance number identify the suffixes that are used to change the following verbs into nouns write the noun form and the suffix evolve number suffix conform number suffix cooperate number suffix assist number suffix number identify the suffixes that are used to change the following verbs into adjectives write the adjective form and the suffix interact number suffix vary number suffix cooperate number suffix isolate number suffix number word knowledge making associations successfully learning new vocabulary depends on finding ways to keep these new words in memory one way of doing this is by linking new words to words and ideas that you already know these links are called associations the more you think about and use new words the stronger these links will become a simple way to practice associations is by making word maps like those below cat house food town religious artists walk animal owner poodle local spirit guide bark pet city village asian these networks are sometimes called mind maps because they are made by writing down the first words that come into your mind when you see a target word they are also called word maps because they show links in meaning between words choose a few of the target words and make your own mind maps then compare your maps with a partner unit number chapter number influencing the consumer number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates notice items that you or your friends own why did you purchase the particular pair of shoes you are wearing what influenced your choice of book bag or backpack what toothpaste or shampoo did you use this morning why how much does the brand name of a product affect your decision to buy it number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words accompany design image revenue acknowledge distribute impact strategies appreciate dynamics issues underlying attachment emphasis policy via bond features primary visible controversial fundamental principle whereby number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory text on marketing it describes and explains factors affecting consumer behavior as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold marketing impact on consumers number for better or worse we live in a world that is significantly influenced by marketers we are surrounded by marketing stimuli in the form of advertisements shops and products competing for our attention and our cash much of what we learn about the world is controlled by marketers whether through conspicuous consumption shown in glamorous magazine advertising or via the roles played by family members in tv commercials ads show us how we ought to act with regard to many diverse issues including recycling what we eat and drink and even the types of house or car we desire in many ways we are at the mercy of marketers since we rely on them to sell us products that are safe and perform as promised to tell us the truth about what they are selling and to price and distribute these products fairly popular culture number popular culture the music films sports books and other forms of entertainment consumed by the mass market is both a marketing product and an inspiration for marketers marketing affects our lives in very fundamental ways ranging from how we acknowledge key social events such as marriage death or holidays to how we view societal issues such as air pollution and addiction number the role marketing plays in the creation and communication of popular culture is hard to ignore however many people fail to appreciate how much their view of the world their film and music icons the latest fashions in clothing food and interior design and even the physical features that they find attractive in another person are influenced by the marketing system product placement whereby products and brands are used in popular movies or tv programs or sponsorships of various events such as rock concerts or the olympics are examples of how companies command our attention number consider the product characters that marketers use to create a personality for their products from the michelin man to ronald mcdonald popular culture is peopled with fictional heroes in fact many consumers are more likely to recognize characters such as these than be able to identify former presidents heads of corporations or prominent artists although these product characters may not exist many of us feel that we know them and they certainly are effective spokes characters for the products they promote the meaning of consumption number one of the fundamental principles of consumer behavior is that people often buy products not for what they do but for what they mean this principle does not mean that a product primary function is unimportant but rather that the roles products play and the meanings that they have in our lives go well beyond the tasks they perform the deeper meanings of a product may help it to stand out from other similar goods and services all things being equal a person will choose the brand that has an image or even a personality that matches his or her underlying ideas number for example although most people probably can not run faster or jump higher because they are wearing nikes versus reeboks many consumers make it a policy to be loyal to their favorite brand rival brands like nike and reebok are marketed in terms of their images which have been carefully crafted with the help of rock stars and athletes slickly produced commercials and many millions of dollars so when you buy a nike swoosh you may be doing more than choosing footwear you may also be making a lifestyle statement about the type of person you are or want to be for a relatively simple article made of leather and laces that is quite amazing marketing and the customer number the key characteristic of marketing strategies at the beginning of the twenty first century is an emphasis on building relationships with customers the nature of these relationships can vary and these bonds help us to understand some of the possible meanings products have for us here are some of the types of relationship a person may have with a product self concept attachment the product helps to create the user identity nostalgic attachment the product serves as a link with a past self interdependence the product is a part of the user daily routine love the product brings out feelings of warmth passion or other strong emotion the global consumer number one highly visible and controversial result of sophisticated marketing strategies is the movement toward a global consumer culture in which people are united by their common loyalty to brand name consumer goods film stars and rock stars some products in particular have become so associated with a particular lifestyle that they are prized possessions around the world number on the other hand popular culture continues to evolve as products and styles from different cultures mix and combine in new and interesting ways for example although superstars from the united states and the united kingdom dominate the worldwide music industry a movement is taking place to include more diverse styles and performers in europe local music acts are grabbing a larger share of the market and pushing international that is english speaking acts down in the charts revenue from spanish language music has quadrupled in five years in asia new songs are being written to accompany promotions for american movies for example in hong kong the movie lethal weapon number was promoted with a song by a local heavy metal band called beyond shots from the movie were mixed with clips of band members even though the band does not appear in the film and the song is not included on the soundtrack number marketing activities have a major impact on our lives they influence our personal and group identities and are used to promote both social ideas and commercial products therefore a greater awareness of consumer behavior is important to our understanding of both social issues and the dynamics of popular culture adapted from solomon m bamossy g and akegaard s number consumer behaviour a european perspective numbered new york prentice hall europe pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are three ways that marketing affects popular culture or individual behavior number list the spokes characters mentioned in the reading and any other spokes characters you know about what product or cause is each character associated with number describe two ways that globalization has affected marketing in your country number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words with their definitions if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pp number then check your dictionary set number number visible a able to be seen number accompany b noticeable parts or characteristics of something number controversial c by means of which or according to which number design d causing a lot of disagreement number whereby e subjects or problems that people are thinking or number features talking about number issues f happen or exist at the same time as something else g the way something has been planned or made set number number dynamics a by way of or by use of number image b money that a business government or organization number underlying receives number strategies c a well planned series of actions for achieving a goal number principle d very basic or important but not easily noticed number revenue e a belief or idea on which a set of ideas laws or a number via system is based f a picture of what something or someone is like g the ways in which things or people behave react and affect each other number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym for the numbered word cross it out number primary key number acknowledge accept plan allow major recognize main deny number bond tie number emphasis feeling ideal importance connection stress relationship weight number appreciate be aware number policy plan realize rule understand government stop guideline number fundamental money number distribute hand out basic share original let out elementary give out number impact influence number attachment connection improve friendship impression link effect separation word tip principle and principal are homonyms words that are pronounced the same way the noun principle means a belief or idea on which a set of ideas is based free speech is a key principle of democracy the word principal in its adjective form means most important the principal reason for the american revolution was that the colonists had no say in how they were governed in its noun form principal means someone who is in charge of a school the principal is responsible for the smooth running of a school b word families numbere table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the table x indicates that there is not a form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table verb noun adjective adverb distribute distribution distributional x no form emphasis x acknowledge number number x x controversial accompany x x strategy x visible appreciate x attachment x x underlying x number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide number a one method of direct marketing is to distribute advertising material by hand on city streets or at special events b the of products for a multi national company is likely to be complex number a good advice for healthy living places equal emphasis on diet and exercise b guidebooks for businesspeople working abroad tend to differences in foreign business or cultural practices number a students must take care to acknowledge all of their sources when writing an essay otherwise they risk being accused of plagiarism b companies may award a year end bonus to employees in of outstanding work done throughout the year number a using animals to test for the side effects of beauty products is no longer controversial in fact there is general agreement that it is undesirable b the teenage years can often be a time of for families as young people begin to break away from their parents control number a when sending a r�sum or a job application form it is normal to include an accompanying letter that highlights one special qualities b to see a movie rated pgnumber children under the age of number must be by a parent number a the marketing department was eager to develop a new strategy for targeting young families b the board of directors produced a plan to guide the company development number a after three months of training his performance improved visibly b product placement in popular tv programs greatly increases those products number a visitors to the grand canyon often develop a new appreciation of nature power b many politicians fail to the relationship between poverty education and crime number a children commonly develop deep emotional attachments to dolls or other toys b students of a foreign language or literature can become to a culture without ever having visited the country itself number a new medical research allows doctors to better understand the underlying causes of many illnesses b a theme of hope for the future of humankind many science fiction movies and novels c collocation each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners number the government new education policy appears to be deliberately controversial essay topics are often written to be deliberately controversial as such topics tend to help students produce a lot of ideas the rap singer created an image for himself that was deliberately controversial in order to attract media attention number closing streets during construction projects can have an adverse impact on local businesses mass consumerism has had an adverse impact on credit card debt tax cuts often benefit the rich but have an adverse impact on lower income groups because the government has less money to fund special programs number the model most striking feature is her long red hair a striking feature of the presentation was the speaker well selected use of graphics to emphasize key points the glass elevator is the hotel most striking feature number to fully appreciate the beauty of a garden it is best to visit when the flowers are in full bloom when employers do not fully appreciate their employees talents staff motivation goes down although the principal fully appreciated the teacher position he refused to remove the problem student from the class number the company used the results of consumer surveys to formulate its new marketing policy the management formulated a new policy about the use of cell phones at work the university called together professors english language teachers and academic support staff to formulate a new policy on plagiarism number the university hoped that ticket sales for football games would help to generate revenue for the whole sports program governments normally view tax increases as a quick way of generating revenue unlike commercial television and radio stations public television and radio cannot rely on advertising to generate revenue number the committee role was to devise a campaign strategy that would help the candidate win the election the local chamber of commerce hoped to devise a strategy to increase tourism to the local area the coach worked with his players to devise a winning strategy number the planet venus is plainly visible in the night sky and is sometimes wrongly referred to as the morning or evening star the eagerness of the students is plainly visible despite the poor conditions in which they are forced to study it is important that road signs be plainly visible during the day and at night number programs that bring young children and elderly people together can foster the development of emotional bonds between the young and the old many fans develop an emotional bond with a favorite sports team marketing experts are finding that creating emotional bonds between product and consumer may be more effective than pricing strategies number the discipline of child psychology places particular emphasis on human development and learning some language teachers place particular emphasis on accuracy while others focus on communication strategies and fluency today many medical personnel place particular emphasis on disease prevention number discussion and writing a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partner number being image conscious is a greater issue for teenagers than for other age groups number the bond formed between a parent and child is the most important relationship in a person life number in a democracy citizens have more opportunity to influence government policy than in other types of governmental systems number the principle of equal access to education is violated when students are allowed to enter college via programs that give preferential treatment to people of a particular race gender or social background number capitalism is an economic system whereby the rich get richer and the poor get poorer number revenue raised through lotteries is impure number the invention of television has had a primarily positive effect on the world number the essential dynamics of family life are similar worldwide despite differing family structures number it is impossible to develop an attachment to a new culture without weakening the links to one own culture number when companies market a product in a variety of countries cultural differences may require fundamental changes in product design b paragraph number of marketing impact on consumers identifies four types of relationships that a consumer may have with a product self concept attachment nostalgic attachment interdependence and love write a personal essay in which you reflect on the types of relationships you have with two or three products that you own or regularly use unit number chapter number who buys what the family influence number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates think back to when you were young and went shopping with your parents who in the family decided what to buy what products did your parents buy for you what products did you ask them to buy do you buy the same brand of products now as your family did then why or why not number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words acquire device insight occupational adjustment dispose involve ongoing appropriate factor mode reinforce assume foundation modify selection category illustration norm sole constantly initiate obtain transfer number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on marketing and discusses the role the family plays in building consumer habits as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold consumer socialization of family members number the socialization of family members ranging from young children to adults is a central family function today that function includes developing children into consumers this is why marketers frequently target parents who are looking for assistance in the process of socializing their children marketers know that the socialization of young children provides an opportunity to establish a foundation on which later experiences continue to build throughout life these experiences are reinforced and modified as children grows into adolescence and in time into adulthood number in the case of young children parents typically are responsible for teaching and reinforcing the basic values and modes of behavior of the culture parents usually teach their children about moral and religious principles interpersonal skills dress and grooming standards appropriate manners and speech and the selection of suitable educational and occupational goals such parental responsibilities in turn affect parents consumer behavior take for example the many parents today who are increasingly anxious to see that their young children possess adequate computer skills almost before the children are able to talk or walk because of this interest hardware and software developers are rapidly creating products targeted at parents seeking to buy such items for their very young children consumer socialization of children number sociologists define consumer socialization as the process by which children acquire the skills knowledge and attitudes necessary to function as consumers a variety of studies have focused on how children develop consumer skills many pre adolescent children acquire their consumer behavior norms by observing their parents and older siblings who function as role models for basic consumption learning in contrast teenagers are likely to look to their friends for models of acceptable consumption behavior number consumer socialization also serves as a tool by which parents influence other aspects of the socialization process for example parents frequently use the promise or reward of material goods as a device to modify or control a child behavior a mother may reward her child with a gift when the child does something to please her or she may remove it when the child disobeys adult consumer socialization number consumer socialization is not limited to childhood it is an ongoing process that extends throughout a person entire life for example when a newly married couple establishes a separate household their adjustment to living and consuming together is part of this continuing process similarly the adjustments a retired couple make when deciding to move to a warmer climate are also part of the ongoing process even a family that is welcoming a pet into its home will inevitably change consumer habits to some degree as a result of this addition intergenerational socialization number it is quite common for selected product loyalty or brand preferences to be transferred from one generation to the next maybe for even three or four generations within the same family this passing on of preferences is known as intergenerational brand transfer for example specific brand preferences for products like peanut butter ketchup coffee and canned soup are all product categories that are frequently passed on from one generation to another the following quotes from research with college aged consumers reveal how they feel about product usage from generation to generation my mother still buys almost every brand that her mother did she is scared to try anything else for it will not meet the standards and she would feel bad not buying something that has been with her so long respondent is an italian american male in his early twenties i find it hard to break away from the things i have been using since i was little like vaseline products ivory soap lipton tea and corn flakes i live on campus so i have to do my own shopping and when i do i see a lot of my mother in myself i buy things i am accustomed to using products my mother buys for the house respondent is west indian american female it is important to note however that socialization is in reality a two way street in which children of all ages also influence the opinions and behavior of their parents family decision making and key consumption related roles number although many marketers recognize the family as the basic decision making unit they most frequently examine the attitudes and behaviors of the one family member who is believed to be the major decision maker in some cases marketers also examine the attitudes and behavior of the person most likely to be the primary user of the product or service by considering both the likely user and the likely purchaser the marketer obtains a richer picture of the consumption process and key consumption related roles in a dynamic society family related duties are constantly changing for example men have assumed many more household tasks in recent years despite such changes we can identify eight distinct roles in the family decision making process a look at these roles provides further insight into how family members interact in their various consumption related roles role description influencers family member s who provide information to other members about a product or service gatekeepers family member s who control the flow of information about a product or service into the family deciders family member s with the power to determine independently or jointly whether to shop for purchase use consume or dispose of a specific product or service buyers family member s who make the actual purchase of a particular product or service preparers family member s who transform the product into a suitable form for consumption by other family members e g food shoppers users family member s who use or consume a particular product or service maintainers family member s who service or repair the product so that it will continue to provide satisfaction disposers family member s who initiate or carry out the disposal or discontinuation of a particular product or service number the number and identity of family members who fill these roles vary from family to family and from product to product in some cases a single family member will independently assume a number of roles in other cases a single role will be performed jointly by two or more family members in still other cases one or more of these basic roles may not be required for example a family member may be walking down the snack food aisle at a local supermarket when he picks out an interesting new chocolate candy his selection does not directly involve the influence of other family members he is the decider the buyer and in a sense the gatekeeper but he may not be the sole consumer or user products may be consumed by single family members after shave lipstick consumed or used directly by two or more family members vegetables shampoo or consumed indirectly by the entire family central air conditioning or a home security alarm system in the end a family decision making style often is influenced by many diverse factors such as its lifestyle members personalities and roles and the family cultural background adapted from schiffman l and lazar kanuk l consumer behavior number ed number prentice hall pp number and number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number describe several reasons why marketers target parents of young children number how do parents use consumer goods to influence their children behavior describe examples from your own childhood number think of two different consumer products e g bread and a computer that you and your family use who is or was involved in the decision making for that product look back at the table on page number which of the roles from the table did the members of your family assume number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number each of the following target words appears in the reading on pages number use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate each word in context read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading number foundation number a an organization that gives or collects money for special purposes especially charity or research b a basic principle idea or belief that something develops from number reinforce number a make a building structure or object stronger by adding additional materials to it b strengthen or give support to a feeling idea opinion or habit number modify number a make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more appropriate or effective b describe or limit the meaning of a word in the phrase summer house the word summer modifies house number mode number a a particular way or style of behaving living or doing something b a particular way in which a machine operates number selection number a a collection of things of a particular type especially of things that are for sale a store with a wide selection of cheeses b the careful choice of a particular person or thing from among a group of similar people or things number acquire number a get something by buying taking or being given it b gain knowledge or skill by learning number device number a a way of achieving a particular purpose b a machine or small object that has been made for a particular purpose number transfer number a the process by which someone or something moves or is moved from one place situation job etc to another b a ticket that allows a passenger to change from one bus or train to another without paying more money number assume number a think that something is true although you have no proof of it b start to do a job especially an important one number dispose number a defeat an opponent b get rid of something throw out number initiate number a arrange for something to begin b admit someone into membership within a group usually with a special ceremony number factor number a one of several things that influence or cause something to happen economic factors involved in crime b a number that divides evenly into another number number is a factor of number number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then complete it with the matching target word from the box adjustments constantly involves occupations appropriate illustration norms ongoing categories insight obtain sole number the arrival of an unexpected guest requires some to the seating plan changes alterations number a society gradually change from generation to generation customs practices number the counselors at the career placement office advise students on how to best match their study experiences to appropriate jobs professions number until the panama canal was built the westerly shipping route from europe to asia was around cape horn only single number success in college a lot of hard work requires necessitates number good customer service is it does not stop once the customer has left the store continuing long lasting number the wide ranging success of rap and hip hop is a good of how music can help bridge cultural divides example demonstration number studying the historical context of a work of art can provide valuable into what influenced an artist understanding comprehension number marketers sort people into age income and lifestyle so that they can target products more specifically groups types number a children librarian can assist parents in choosing books that are for their child age group suitable fitting number internet users can a wide range of information that is not readily available through other sources get gain number consumers are surrounded by advertisements encouraging them to spend more money regularly continually word tip one feature of academic language is that multi word verbs are used less frequently than they are in conversation or fiction in academic writing single word verbs replace multi word verbs with similar meaning throw away dispose start up initiate b word families number most of the words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below word families table verb noun adjective adverb assume assumption x x reinforce reinforcement reinforced x initiate initiation x x x constant constant constantly x appropriateness appropriate appropriately dispose disposal x x transfer transfer transferable x adjust adjustment adjusted adjustable x illustrate illustration illustrative x modify modification modified x nouns adjectives adverbs number read each sentence and identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank use the word families table above to help you number the dispose of garbage is one of the critical issues facing modern cities number the use of genetically modify foods continues to be controversial number it is important to review new vocabulary relatively soon after first studying it in order to reinforcement earlier learning number teachers are seen as key role models with many parents believing they should dress appropriate and not be seen behaving badly by students number one way to overcome shyness is to force yourself to initiation a conversation with a stranger every other day number the introduction of adjust seats and steering wheels have made cars much more comfortable number when she first assumption the new position she underestimated how difficult it would be number in addition to subject knowledge many universities also attempt to teach learning strategies and skills that are transfer to life beyond the classroom number the fact that americans generally use the name kleenex in place of the word tissue is a good illustrate of the power of a brand name number with the world constant changing the only certainty is change itself c collocation each item below contains three example sentences with the same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose the collocation from the examples that best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence number a often consumers follow their emotions instead of using objective selection criteria when choosing between two products b members of the project team will be chosen by a selection committee made up of departmental managers c the presidential selection process in the united states takes longer than it does in many other democratic countries d the school board decided to simplify one phase of the for new teachers by removing psychological tests number a the constitution serves as the foundation for all u s law b the first two years of a liberal arts degree provide a solid educational foundation for a student major area of study c the watergate scandal and resignation of the u s president shook the foundations of the american government d the number collapse of the u s stock market of the whole financial world number a the concept of beauty is not a well defined category because it represents different things to different people b when discussing the women movement you must be aware that the term feminist covers a broad category of people c children who get into trouble with the law do not fall into a single family category they come from a variety of backgrounds d the term hero covers a of people because it includes sports film and music stars as well as artists scientists and political leaders number a the image of teaching as a safe occupation has been destroyed by the increase in school related violence b air traffic control is a very demanding occupation because of the concentration required c many people find nursing a rewarding occupation despite the long hours and low pay d employers are finding that workers in are at greater risk of suffering from stress related illnesses number a newton theory of gravity was informed by a flash of insight when he saw an apple fall from a tree b the photographs of homeless families provide unpleasant insights into the lives of the poor c the author new history of the sixties gave valuable insight into the thinking of the leaders of the civil rights movement d it is said that archimedes shouted eureka when he had a n about how to measure the purity of gold number a some countries use lotteries as a clever device to raise money without increasing taxes b giving students a say in setting class rules is an effective device for shifting the responsibility for enforcement from the teacher to peers c disclaimers are a simple device used by sellers to avoid legal action should future problems arise with a product d studies have shown that a small prize or gift packaged with a food item is a n for getting the attention of child consumers number a financial advice that would have been very expensive in the past can now be freely obtained on the internet b the local newspaper reported that the funds for the new sports center had been fraudulently obtained through tax evasion c some medicines that have not been approved in europe can be legally obtained in the united states d the report on the effects of the oil spill can be from the environmental protection agency number a two new modes of communication were introduced to the general public in the numbers e mail and text messaging b ocean liners declined in popularity as a mode of travel with the arrival of trans atlantic passenger flights c physical separation between factories and local differences in mode of operation make managing multi national companies very complex d the research aims to analyze the structure financing and of universities in seven countries number a the parent teachers association is one way for parents to be directly involved in running their children schools b many hollywood stars inadvertently became involved in cold war politics during the numbers as senator mccarthy searched for supporters of communism c social workers are trained to limit how emotionally involved they become with the people they support d today many middle aged children need to be in the care of their elderly parents number a aerobic exercise is one important part of an ongoing maintenance program for people who have recently lost weight b since the election the four major parties have been involved in ongoing negotiations to form a new coalition government c researchers at georgia state university are conducting an ongoing investigation into the ability of apes to use language d some consumers prefer to pay for the associated with an older car rather than buy a new car number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box acquisition foundation involved selection transferring factors initiating norm sole different perspectives on purchasing behavior number consumer theorists disagree about just how carefully consumers consider a product or service before they purchase it some theorists argue that active consumer decision making is at the very number of consumer choice others think that deliberate decision making is not the number approach nor is it even the number even when consumers are purchasing something for the first time other number such as a consumer past experience and habits come into play and may circumvent careful decision making more often than not consumers will decide out of habit to stick with a brand name they know instead of number to a new brand number here is a scale researchers use to rate the level of decision making consumers go through when number a purchase eps lps hdm according to this scale consumers typically engage in extended problem solving eps when they make an important purchase for the first time such as buying a new washing machine or computer eps includes researching available choices to obtain product information evaluating the number of products making the purchase and post number activities such as recommending the product to others however even when consumers are purchasing new items for the first time they often do not have the time resources or motivation to become deeply number in eps instead they engage in limited problem solving lps which omits some of the stages of eps for repeat purchases consumers often rely on habitual decision making hdm they choose to buy a product because they are loyal to the brand or because they do not want to bother to change brands when the product they are used to meets their needs based on east r consumer behavior advances and applications in marketing number prentice hall europe pp number number words b think about what you have read about consumption in this chapter identify a purchase you have made that was important to you ask yourself the following questions did i know what choices were available and how to evaluate them did i have a clear idea of what i wanted how much investigation did i do before the purchase and how much afterwards did i consider one choice and move on to others if it was unsuitable or did i compare a selection of items did i make the right choice why or why not discuss your purchase with a partner c write a short essay in which you consider your own purchasing behavior consider which types of decision making processes eps lps hps you engage in give examples of the types of products related to your use of eps lps or hps describe any relationships you see between the type of product and the process of decision making that you followed unit number chapter number how we see ourselves number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates make a list of adjectives that you would use to describe yourself how many of these words relate to you personally and how many are generally true of people in your family or culture if you could change one thing about yourself what would it be do you have a hero or a role model what are the qualities in that person that you admire number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words accuracy demonstrate instance perspective achieve deny intensity prior to alter derive mental rejection attribute dimension motivate stability challenge emerge participants trigger consistent expose perceive vision number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on marketing and focuses on self image and consumer behavior as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold how perspectives on the self influence consumer behavior numbermany people feel that their self image and possessions affect their value as a person products from cars to aftershave are often bought because a person is trying either to show off or to deny some aspect of his or her self how consumers feel about themselves shapes their consumption habits particularly as they try to fulfill social expectations about how a male or female should look and act does the self exist number the numbers were called the me decade because for many this time was marked by a fascination with the self while it seems natural to think about consumers each having a self this concept is actually quite new the idea that each human life is unique developed in late medieval times between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries in europe prior to that time individuals were considered in relation to a group and even today many eastern cultures place more emphasis on the importance of a collective self than on a unique independent self number both eastern and western cultures see the self as divided into an inner private self and an outer public self but where they differ is in terms of which part is seen as the real you western culture tends to promote the idea of individuality a self that is separated from other selves in contrast many eastern cultures focus on an interdependent self that derives its identity in large part from interrelationships with others number for example a confucian perspective stresses the importance of face other people perceptions of the self and maintaining one desired status in their eyes in the past some asian cultures developed clear rules about the specific clothes and even colors that people in certain social classes and occupations were allowed to display and these live on today in japanese style manuals this style of dress is at odds with such western practices as casual fridays which encourage employees to dress informally and express their unique selves self concept number to understand the many factors that affect a person sense of self sociologists look at a person self concept the term self concept refers to the beliefs a person holds about his or her attributes and how he or she evaluates these qualities while a person overall self concept may be positive there are certainly parts of the self that tend to be evaluated more positively than others for instance a young man may derive more confidence from his identity as an employee in a large company than he does as the father of a new baby components of the self number a person self concept is a very complex structure with many attributes to evaluate a person self concept it is necessary to consider the following dimensions of the overall self content what the self concept is based on e g is it based on a trait like facial attractiveness or mental ability positivity or negativity whether it is positive or negative intensity whether it is strong or weak stability whether it remains consistent over time accuracy whether it corresponds to reality as we will see later in the reading consumers self assessments can be quite inaccurate especially when it comes to physical appearance self esteem number self esteem is a reflection of how positive or negative a person self concept is people with low self esteem do not expect that they will perform very well and they will try to avoid embarrassment failure or rejection in contrast people with high self esteem expect to be successful will take more risks and are more willing to be the center of attention self esteem is often related to being accepted by others for example teenagers who are members of high status groups have higher self esteem than their excluded classmates number marketing communications can influence a consumer level of self esteem exposure to advertisements can trigger a process of social comparison in which a person tries to evaluate his or her self by comparing it to the people shown in advertising images this form of comparison appears to be a basic human motive and many marketers have tapped into this need by supplying idealized images of happy attractive people who are using their products number a recent study illustrates how this social comparison process works the study showed that female college students tend to compare their physical appearance with advertising models study participants were exposed to beautiful women in advertisements afterwards the participants expressed lowered satisfaction with their own appearance as compared to other participants who were not exposed to the advertisements another study demonstrated that young women perceptions of their own body shapes and sizes can be altered after the women had viewed as little as number minutes of television programming number self esteem advertising attempts to change people product attitudes by stimulating positive feelings about the self one strategy is to challenge the consumer self esteem and then show a product or service that will provide a remedy for example the united states marine corps uses this strategy in its advertising slogan if you have what it takes as does zest when it says you are not fully clean until you are zestfully clean number when consumers compare their actual attributes to their ideal image of themselves their self esteem often suffers consumers might ask themselves questions such as am i as attractive as i would like to be do i make as much money as i should the ideal self a person conception of how he or she would like to be and the actual self a more realistic self evaluation of the qualities one has or lacks are often in conflict number the ideal self is partly shaped by elements of the consumer culture such as heroes or people shown in advertising images who serve as models of achievement or appearance consumers may purchase a product because they hope it will help them achieve the kind of goals or look shown in an advertisement consumers may also choose products that they perceive to be consistent with their actual self or products that they believe will help them reach their ideal self fantasy bridging the gap between the selves number while most people experience an inconsistency between their real and ideal selves for some consumers this gap is larger than for others these people are especially good targets for marketing communications that employ fantasy to attract consumer attention the marketing strategies allow consumers to create a vision of themselves by placing them in unfamiliar exciting situations or by permitting them to try interesting or challenging roles with today technology for instance online makeovers or virtual previews of sunglasses or clothing consumers can even experiment with different looks before actually buying products and services in the real world multiple selves number as we have seen the self is complex in addition most people really have a variety of selves or role identities this means that in a way any one person is a number of different people for example your mother probably would not recognize the you that emerges while you are on vacation with a group of friends people have as many selves as they do different social roles e g husband boss student depending on the situation individuals act differently and use different products and services a person may require a different set of products to play a desired role a man may choose a blue pin striped suit when he is being his professional self but wear chinos and a hawaiian shirt when he goes out on saturday night like actors on a stage consumers play different roles and each role has its own script props and costumes these roles and other factors have a strong influence on consumer behavior adapted from solomon m bamossy g and akegaard s number consumer behaviour a european perspective numbered new york prentice hall europe pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number give an example of how our self concept might influence our self esteem number what is self esteem advertising describe an example of how it works number what are your different social roles do you require different products to play those roles if yes give some examples number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer number although the project is not due to be finished until december we expect the team to achieve all its targets by early october in order to achieve good grades in college students must manage their study time and social life carefully a be in charge of b succeed in doing something good c fail to finish number important attributes for those wishing to become teachers are patience flexibility and unlimited energy first class athletes require physical attributes such as strength and speed as well as mental attributes such as concentration and willpower a feelings b issues c qualities or features number the professor encouraged the students to challenge the accepted facts of history by looking at them from the viewpoints of women minorities and children when children move from adolescence to adulthood they often go through a stage in which they challenge the authority of their parents a change b question c agree with number children often deny having done something such as coloring on a wall even though it is clear to an adult that no one else could have or would have done such a thing people who regularly deny that they are good looking or talented may have a problem with their self image a say that something is b do the opposite of what c agree to not true you are told something number parents often try to include an educational dimension in family vacations tests are more difficult than homework assignments partly because of the added dimension of time pressure a an interest or thought b an aspect one part of c a demand or requirement a situation number the shakespearean actor read the part of hamlet with great intensity thunderstorms of high intensity can sometimes produce tornados a strength b protection c damage number a good teacher can motivate her students to continue studying even when the subject is difficult some companies use the promise of a promotion to motivate their employees a move b encourage c fight number for some buyers a luxury car is perceived as a sign of success new technologies may be perceived as frightening by people who do not fully understand them a misunderstood by b thought of something or c explained to someone in a someone someone in a particular way particular way number prior to beginning college or a career more and more young people are taking a year off to travel around the world when studying a new subject it is helpful to use one prior knowledge of related subjects and of the world in general to help make sense of new information a before or earlier b secret c after or later number the voter rejection of the proposed tax increases meant that the school district would not be able to build a new sports stadium many parents find their children rejection of family values or beliefs very upsetting a acceptance b avoidance c refusal to accept number if your vision of marriage is limited to planning the perfect wedding you may experience problems adjusting to the ordinariness of everyday married life j r r tolkien vision of a magical world has been shared by the millions of people who have read his lord of the rings books a a beautiful view b a bold discovery c an idea of what something is or should be like number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of each target word write the meaning in your own words number because of the presence of some small mistakes the committee questioned the accuracy of the whole report despite their accuracy computer calculations still need to be double checked by human beings accuracy number the organizers altered the program of events because of the band late cancellation the u s surgeon general office has been successful in altering public opinion about the dangers of cigarette smoking alter number although the basketball player was very talented his level of playing lacked consistency from week to week parents have changeable moods but they should remain consistent in their handling of their children behavior consistent number the historical map demonstrated the different routes enslaved people took when they headed north to freedom on the underground railroad the inventor demonstrated the functions of his new machine to a group of investors demonstrate number the english word bankrupt is derived from the italian phrase banca rotta which means broken bench medicines are often derived from plants derive number the sun emerged from behind the clouds often young people feel that their true identities do not emerge until after they leave home and are no longer under the direct control of their parents emerge number when exposed to highly contagious diseases people are likely to become ill children who are exposed to books at an early age often learn to read more easily exposed number people suffering from stress need both physical and mental relaxation to get well learning a foreign language requires a great deal of mental effort mental number each of the participants in the television debate represented a different political party participants in the hospital study were not allowed to eat meat throughout the experiment participant number the american civil war was followed by a long period of political and economic stability environmentalists believe that the stability of the earth ecosystem is at risk because of the actions of humans stability number hearing a familiar song can trigger a string of memories about old times friends and places stress sunlight loud noises and certain foods can trigger migraine headaches trigger number poets and scientists often have very different perspectives on the natural world people should consider cultural as well as economic perspectives when evaluating the success or failure of an overseas business project perspective word tip the most common meaning of the word instance is an example of a particular kind of situation instances of fights among spectators at sports events have increased the most frequent use of the word instance however is in the phrase for instance the phrase for instance is used as a marker to introduce an example or a set of examples most nations and cultures have both historical and fictional heroes japan for instance has tokugawa ieyasu and momotaro the peach boy the united states has abe lincoln and paul bunyan and england has lord nelson and robin hood b word families read the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used if the wrong form has been used write the correct form if the form is correct put a checkmark v number number the perceive of the fans was that the referee favored the opposing team number critics called the biography derivative because the author had relied too much on the works of previous writers number number the intensity pain indicated that her injuries might be serious number management motivation for introducing a new policy on working hours was to cut absenteeism number the reporter followed the emerging story of a scandal involving a top movie director number the suspect repeated deny of the evidence made it difficult for the police to take the investigation forward number teachers believe that the participant of parents is essential to the success of a child schooling number the arguments put forward for non approval of the new medicine were not consistently with the scientific research tests number the city government felt that the official federal figures for the local population could not be accurate because their own records gave a much larger number number a major factor in job satisfaction is whether or not people find the work they do challenged c collocation match each target word in the box with the group of words that regularly occur with it in all cases the target word comes after the word in the list alter challenge demonstrate stability deny participant accuracy expose rejection vision number number number number number historical emotional active cope with categorically factual threaten eager fear of emphatically perfect achieve willing overwhelming explicitly amazing political regular feeling of strenuously number number number number number accept a realistic radically inadvertently clearly serious optimistic significantly needlessly vividly face a realize a permanently publicly convincingly overcome a shared fundamentally cruelly conclusively number expansion a read the first three paragraphs about self esteem follow the directions and complete the self esteem questionnaire on your own when you are finished read paragraph number and discuss the questions with a partner self esteem number self esteem is one of the key attributes of a healthy and happy life thus it is an important component of mental health and receives a great deal of attention in both popular and scientific publications there are numerous self report questionnaires available that claim to give an indication of a person self esteem however they vary widely in quality self esteem questionnaires in popular magazines may be written by authors with no psychological background and are meant to be merely entertaining on the other end of the scale questionnaires in scientific studies have been very carefully constructed so that they provide reliable data number below is a self esteem questionnaire with items collected from a variety of sources complete the questionnaire and then answer the questions below self esteem questionnaire number read the statements and circle the answer that best describes your feeling about yourself sa=strongly agree a=agree d=disagree sd=strongly disagree number i have a happy stable life sa a d sd number overall most people i know are better off than i am sa a d sd number i grew up in a family that helped me to achieve my goals sa a d sd number i am afraid of being rejected by the people i know sa a d sd number i share the same perspectives on life as my friends and sa a d sd colleagues number i feel uncomfortable trying out activities when i have no prior sa a d sd experience doing them number socializing is an important dimension of my life sa a d sd number i often get sick for instance with colds the flu and other minor sa a d sd illnesses number i find it easy to motivate myself to accept challenges sa a d sd number when i fail at something it triggers feelings of depression sa a d sd number the questionnaire generally indicates positive self esteem if you agreed with odd numbered items and disagreed with even numbered items do the results from the questionnaire correspond with your own feelings about your self esteem how valid do you think the questions are in determining self esteem b do some research on self esteem advertising look at a range of television or print advertising e g in magazines and newspapers to find five or six examples of self esteem advertisements identify the product or service being advertised and the target audience what kind of feelings about the self does each advertisement aim to stimulate write a short report on your findings include copies of the advertisements wherever possible unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary abbreviations labels and codes your dictionary provides a lot of information about each entry word in a very small space in order to accomplish this dictionaries use abbreviations labels and codes a cracking your dictionary code in order to use the dictionary quickly and efficiently you must become familiar with the commonly used codes read the sample abbreviations labels and codes from the longman advanced american dictionary use them to answer the questions about the dictionary entries fov number number art realia see attached excerpt from front cover and facing pace of laad key to short forms for all pts of speech and sb sth labels for formal informal law literary old fashioned technical british canadian and grammar codes for c u i i t not in progressive only before noun fov number number art realia see attached four dictionary entries from laad for the following mode p number perceive p number sole p number whereby p number number which entry word is an adjective number which entry word is an adverb number which entry word is used only in formal speech and writing number which entry word is followed by a direct object number which entry word can only be used before a noun number which entry word has different meanings depending on the situation in which it is used number which entry word cannot be used in the progressive tense b practicing your dictionary skills number work with a partner look at your own dictionaries find the page or pages in your dictionaries that explain its codes and abbreviations they are normally near the front or back cover list the code or abbreviation that tells you the following number how formal a word is number if it is a specific variety of english e g british or australian number if a noun is countable or uncountable number whether a verb is normally used in the passive number whether a word is a preposition number whether a verb is transitive number look up the following words what do your dictionary codes indicate about each word list one or two codes or labels and explain what they mean the first one has been done for you number bond number demonstrate number initiate number obtain number strategy word parts that change a word meaning review chapter number page number explained how some affixes change a word part of speech interact verb number tion interaction noun strategy noun number ic strategic adjective resourceful adjective number ly resourcefully adverb adding other affixes results in a change in the word meaning design number er designer person who designs re number adjust readjust adjust again read the following sentences note the italicised affix in each boldfaced word and write the meaning of the affix number a owning a car is an achievable goal for most people in america b the points customers receive for flying frequently on a particular airline are usually not transferable to another person the suffix able means number a the military strategist read all available books on the opposing generals before planning for battle b the singer was pleased that her accompanist played the piano so well the suffix ist means number a the film in the camera was overexposed due to the bright sunlight b research studies seem to suggest that while girls often lack confidence boys tend to overestimate their abilities the prefix over means number a although ocean oil platforms seem huge the substructure under water is many times the size of what is visible above the surface b experts in education will generally specialize in one subcategory such as early childhood education adult education or special education the prefix sub means number word knowledge comparing academic and everyday vocabulary a compare the following pairs of sentences which sentences are more academic why a the earth contains many different kinds of life b the earth contains many diverse kinds of life a the government collects money from taxes b the government collects revenue from taxes a modern labor saving machines have created more free time for the entire family b modern labor saving devices have created more free time for the entire family the b sentences have a more academic tone because of the academic vocabulary in bold the underlined words in the a sentences are more general they are typical of the language we use in everyday speech and writing b match the everyday words or phrases on the left with their academic counterparts on the right number shown a accompany number go with b exposed to number change c triggered number pass on d alter number caused e fundamental number basic f transfer c write a sentence for each of the academic words in part b number number number number number number unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary abbreviations labels and codes your dictionary provides a lot of information about each entry word in a very small space in order to accomplish this dictionaries use abbreviations labels and codes a cracking your dictionary code in order to use the dictionary quickly and efficiently you must become familiar with the commonly used codes read the sample abbreviations labels and codes from the longman advanced american dictionary use them to answer the questions about the dictionary entries fov number number art realia see attached excerpt from front cover and facing pace of laad key to short forms for all pts of speech and sb sth labels for formal informal law literary old fashioned technical british canadian and grammar codes for c u i i t not in progressive only before noun fov number number art realia see attached four dictionary entries from laad for the following mode p number perceive p number sole p number whereby p number number which entry word is an adjective number which entry word is an adverb number which entry word is used only in formal speech and writing number which entry word is followed by a direct object number which entry word can only be used before a noun number which entry word has different meanings depending on the situation in which it is used number which entry word cannot be used in the progressive tense b practicing your dictionary skills number work with a partner look at your own dictionaries find the page or pages in your dictionaries that explain its codes and abbreviations they are normally near the front or back cover list the code or abbreviation that tells you the following number how formal a word is number if it is a specific variety of english e g british or australian number if a noun is countable or uncountable number whether a verb is normally used in the passive number whether a word is a preposition number whether a verb is transitive number look up the following words what do your dictionary codes indicate about each word list one or two codes or labels and explain what they mean the first one has been done for you number bond number demonstrate number initiate number obtain number strategy word parts that change a word meaning review chapter number page number explained how some affixes change a word part of speech interact verb number tion interaction noun strategy noun number ic strategic adjective resourceful adjective number ly resourcefully adverb adding other affixes results in a change in the word meaning design number er designer person who designs re number adjust readjust adjust again read the following sentences note the italicised affix in each boldfaced word and write the meaning of the affix number a owning a car is an achievable goal for most people in america b the points customers receive for flying frequently on a particular airline are usually not transferable to another person the suffix able means number a the military strategist read all available books on the opposing generals before planning for battle b the singer was pleased that her accompanist played the piano so well the suffix ist means number a the film in the camera was overexposed due to the bright sunlight b research studies seem to suggest that while girls often lack confidence boys tend to overestimate their abilities the prefix over means number a although ocean oil platforms seem huge the substructure under water is many times the size of what is visible above the surface b experts in education will generally specialize in one subcategory such as early childhood education adult education or special education the prefix sub means number word knowledge comparing academic and everyday vocabulary a compare the following pairs of sentences which sentences are more academic why a the earth contains many different kinds of life b the earth contains many diverse kinds of life a the government collects money from taxes b the government collects revenue from taxes a modern labor saving machines have created more free time for the entire family b modern labor saving devices have created more free time for the entire family the b sentences have a more academic tone because of the academic vocabulary in bold the underlined words in the a sentences are more general they are typical of the language we use in everyday speech and writing b match the everyday words or phrases on the left with their academic counterparts on the right number shown a accompany number go with b exposed to number change c triggered number pass on d alter number caused e fundamental number basic f transfer c write a sentence for each of the academic words in part b number number number number number number unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary abbreviations labels and codes your dictionary provides a lot of information about each entry word in a very small space in order to accomplish this dictionaries use abbreviations labels and codes a cracking your dictionary code in order to use the dictionary quickly and efficiently you must become familiar with the commonly used codes read the sample abbreviations labels and codes from the longman advanced american dictionary use them to answer the questions about the dictionary entries fov number number art realia see attached excerpt from front cover and facing pace of laad key to short forms for all pts of speech and sb sth labels for formal informal law literary old fashioned technical british canadian and grammar codes for c u i i t not in progressive only before noun fov number number art realia see attached four dictionary entries from laad for the following mode p number perceive p number sole p number whereby p number number which entry word is an adjective number which entry word is an adverb number which entry word is used only in formal speech and writing number which entry word is followed by a direct object number which entry word can only be used before a noun number which entry word has different meanings depending on the situation in which it is used number which entry word cannot be used in the progressive tense b practicing your dictionary skills number work with a partner look at your own dictionaries find the page or pages in your dictionaries that explain its codes and abbreviations they are normally near the front or back cover list the code or abbreviation that tells you the following number how formal a word is number if it is a specific variety of english e g british or australian number if a noun is countable or uncountable number whether a verb is normally used in the passive number whether a word is a preposition number whether a verb is transitive number look up the following words what do your dictionary codes indicate about each word list one or two codes or labels and explain what they mean the first one has been done for you number bond number demonstrate number initiate number obtain number strategy word parts that change a word meaning review chapter number page number explained how some affixes change a word part of speech interact verb number tion interaction noun strategy noun number ic strategic adjective resourceful adjective number ly resourcefully adverb adding other affixes results in a change in the word meaning design number er designer person who designs re number adjust readjust adjust again read the following sentences note the italicised affix in each boldfaced word and write the meaning of the affix number a owning a car is an achievable goal for most people in america b the points customers receive for flying frequently on a particular airline are usually not transferable to another person the suffix able means number a the military strategist read all available books on the opposing generals before planning for battle b the singer was pleased that her accompanist played the piano so well the suffix ist means number a the film in the camera was overexposed due to the bright sunlight b research studies seem to suggest that while girls often lack confidence boys tend to overestimate their abilities the prefix over means number a although ocean oil platforms seem huge the substructure under water is many times the size of what is visible above the surface b experts in education will generally specialize in one subcategory such as early childhood education adult education or special education the prefix sub means number word knowledge comparing academic and everyday vocabulary a compare the following pairs of sentences which sentences are more academic why a the earth contains many different kinds of life b the earth contains many diverse kinds of life a the government collects money from taxes b the government collects revenue from taxes a modern labor saving machines have created more free time for the entire family b modern labor saving devices have created more free time for the entire family the b sentences have a more academic tone because of the academic vocabulary in bold the underlined words in the a sentences are more general they are typical of the language we use in everyday speech and writing b match the everyday words or phrases on the left with their academic counterparts on the right number shown a accompany number go with b exposed to number change c triggered number pass on d alter number caused e fundamental number basic f transfer c write a sentence for each of the academic words in part b number number number number number number unit number chapter number the modern office the hidden meanings of design number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates think about an organization you are familiar with it might be work school or a club you belong to does this organization operate a hierarchy where some members are clearly more important than others or are most members of the organization equal to one another if someone in the organization is more important than the others how do you know that does that person wear special clothes or have other markers of status if so describe them is equality always a good thing explain number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words access corporate indication psychologist authority crucial innovation residential conclusion differentiate methods response confirm display obviously somewhat contradictory equipment potential survey conventional exhibition presumably technical number reading the following passage is adapted from a book on product design that looks specifically at the history and development of the chair as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold the chair number in the modern office hierarchy rules and chairs play their part in expressing and creating rank much like a hotel chain corporate culture allows for no variation in carpeting chairs lights telephones or desks for employees working at similar levels number researchers in ergonomics have studied many aspects of office function including status and have concluded that the workstation should be an indication of the worker status in the office hierarchy in open plan offices with their clearly democratic intentions distinguishing between managers and ordinary workers became difficult and dissatisfaction on both sides has resulted managers had assumed that workers would like a more equal looking environment and might consequently be more productive but that did not turn out to be the case number which type of office do you work in can anyone visiting for the first time guess who the boss is without being told you can probably tell by looking at differences in amount and location of work space lighting color as well as such harder to define variables as privacy ability to control access to others and the opportunity for personalization you might also consider very easily recognizable characteristics quality of furniture number of chairs thickness of carpet researchers report that distinctive status markers like specifically colored telephones or wastepaper baskets developed in the absence of the opportunity to display conventional markers number since appropriate markers contribute to satisfaction and worker satisfaction is essential to productivity status differences have to be maintained ergonomicists say one could reason that since clear expression of status is directly related to worker satisfaction it might indirectly be related to productivity this conclusion would be disappointing in the context of democratic ideals generally because it appears to contradict beliefs about increasing productivity in the workplace by tapping people creative potential without regard to rank perhaps workers feel that as long as differences in pay and authority exist the environmental messages should be consistent more simply people like to know where they stand and the physical environment helps to communicate this number in any case as status markers in the office chairs are important after surveying number office workers in three government and three business offices psychologists confirmed that the number of chairs in a personal office wooden chairs were preferred to metal was a crucial indicator of the occupant supervisory status other indicators were large desks multiple work surfaces greater storage capacity and privacy number most of the research done to date on office environments originates from an interest in worker productivity but which is more important to worker satisfaction physical comfort or status symbols in a survey paid for by steelcase the world largest manufacturer of office furniture number percent of those who complained number of the total said that discomfort reduced their productivity a great deal or somewhat they defined comfort in rank order as good lighting a comfortable chair a place to concentrate quiet chairs have become so important that finally organizations recognize that individuals chairs should be adjusted to fit them instead of being assigned to them on the basis of their place in the organizational hierarchy concern for productivity more than concern for democratic fairness is responsible for the trend to push for physical comfort for each worker number but concern for productivity may eventually do something for fairness here is where numerous research and popular magazine articles remind us that creativity is not after all a reflection of rank or title the potential is everywhere to tap that potential companies will have to change their fixed and status ridden ways in other words for employees to be more productive status differences may have to go number these two contradictory conclusions about productivity the need for status and the need to be free from status may lead to a change in office culture until recently all u s commercial furniture lines still carried executive and secretary chair models more progressive firms now use the terms managerial and task however these terms still distinguish managers from workers as the organizers of a british exhibition on the modern chair in the numbers put it the issue that most manufacturers only hint at in their sales brochures is that of status in the democratic open plan office with its characteristic low screens replacing full height walls the language is all of teamwork and non hierarchical working methods in fact however office furniture and in particular the chair communicates the status of the occupant the most costly chairs are generally those that offer the most movement but these have come to be associated in many organizations with clerical workers which can provide undesirable associations for the more insecure of managers so surprisingly the executive chair in a product range may actually be the cheapest to produce and rather than add directly useful or comfort providing extra features the high status chairs simply use a more costly covering or are made obviously larger as a result the pricing policy for the standard chairs is affected by the possibility of making better returns on the supposed luxury top of the line models of course this is simply the modern expression of a very old tradition in furniture making their observations are similar to the results of a number survey of ten thousand office workers by the buffalo organization for social and technical innovation in which researchers discovered that those whose work actually required the best lighting were the least likely to have it while managers usually had the best number an important distinction in the office still clearly maintained is the one between bosses and secretaries which is still mostly a difference between men and women not surprising then that marketers of the norwegian balance chair have had to deal with the unwritten law of office status symbols because their chair does not differentiate between the boss and the secretary in the united states the marketers were especially handicapped because their chair does not have a back and the height of a chair back is one of the essential indicators of high social status in response a leading manufacturer of balance chairs brought out a line with high backs number one would think that the arrival of the home office would destabilize the power of status in office furniture surely here of all places one could develop a way of working based on personal physiological patterns advertisements for equipment for home offices show wood grain rather than metal shelving desk systems potted plants oriental rugs family photos and views out of residential scale windows the chairs however are the same ergonomic computer chairs being used to promote increased productivity in offices funnily enough many furniture companies targeting those with home offices offer an executive high back chair as well as a leather ergonomic chair so you can presumably continue to feel like a big shot even while working at home adapted from cranz g number the chair new york w w norton company pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and on your personal experience number according to the reading what problems are associated with open plan offices what types of solutions did employees find for them number what is the contradiction between status and productivity as stated in the reading number what type of chair should most clerical workers have why do they not get them number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading number access number a how easy or difficult it is for someone to enter a public building reach a place or talk to someone b to have a telephone computer etc near you which you can use number display number a to clearly show a feeling attitude or quality by what you do and say b to show an object or specially arranged group of objects to people or put them in a place where people can easily see them number conclusion number a something you decide after considering all the information you have b the end or final part of something number potential number a the possibility that something will develop in a particular way or have a particular effect b the difference in voltage between two points on an electrical circuit number authority number a an expert on a subject an authority on victorian poetry b power you have because of an official position or because people respect your knowledge parental authority over children number confirm number a to show that something is definitely true especially by providing more proof b to tell someone that a possible arrangement date time is now definite i confirmed our reservations number exhibition number a a public show of paintings photographs or other objects that people can go and see b behavior that shows rudeness jealousy anger etc number survey number a an examination of an area of land in order to make a map of it b a set of questions that you ask a large number of people to find out about their opinions or behavior number technical number a using words in a special way that is difficult for most people to understand because it they are connected with one particular subject technical language for medicine b relating to practical knowledge skills or methods especially in industrial or scientific work technical training in computers number differentiate number a to recognize or express the difference between things or people b to behave differently toward someone or something sometimes in an unfair way number response number a something that is done as a reaction to something that has happened or been said b a part of a religious service that is sung or spoken by the people as an answer to a part that is sung or spoken by the minister or priest number residential number a a part of town that consists of private houses with no offices or factories b relating to homes rather than stores or office number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box somewhat equipment corporate conventional contradictory innovations obviously psychologist method crucial presumably indication number the two drivers involved gave accounts of the accident so the police had to rely on other witnesses to get the full story of what happened conflicting differing number some schools are replacing lessons with classes oriented towards life skills like running a small business or preparing for married life traditional standard number the company image was built on a long established tradition of exceptional customer care business commercial number the runner time improved from the previous race but not sufficiently for him to be chosen for the olympic team to some extent slightly number the set up costs for a small business include office space office e g computers telephone and fax stationary publicity and staffing machines tools number photographs taken by the mars rovers give scientists a clearer of the landscape of the red planet suggestion clue number new understandings of organizational behavior have sparked in office layout and culture improvements advances number the researchers were searching for a truly valid for analyzing the data from their study way technique number the natural environment of any animal will be put out of balance when humans begin developing it for their own needs clearly noticeably number the fact that most people thought the goods were overpriced is the reason why they failed to sell most likely probably number a is someone who studies the human mind emotions and behavior researcher academic number good working relationships between staff members are to the success of any business necessary fundamental word tip the word family tables you have been completing in this book show that in most cases a word will exhibit minor spelling changes across the parts of speech however in some cases the spelling will be exactly the same even though the part of speech is different three words in this chapter are like this look at the example for access below example many internet providers offer a device which allows parents to limit their children access to inappropriate sites noun form verb form passengers cannot access the airport parking area from the main terminal building without going outside find the other two words that have the exact same spellings for the noun and verb forms number number b word families number most of the words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective verb and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below word family table noun verb adjective adverb access accessibility access accessible x differentiation differentiate number differentiated number differentiating x number innovation number innovator innovate innovative innovatively contradiction contradict contradictory x authority authorize authoritative authoritatively number psychologist number psychology x psychological psychologically corporation x corporate x number exhibition number exhibitor exhibit x x confirmation confirm x x x x crucial crucially nouns verbs adjectives adverbs number identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank use the word families table above to help you number many companies have begun to use psychologist tests in the hiring process to find out more about applicants personalities number authority from the federal communications commission fcc is required before any new radio or television station can be set up in the united states number people who are color blind may not be able to differentiate between red and green number in the workplace it is good practice to have written confirm of decisions taken at meetings particularly when deadlines have been discussed number companies must be prepared to provide a workstation that is wheelchair access to any member of staff who may require one number the discovery of the structure of dna was a crucial first step in mapping the human genome number the eiffel tower in paris was first built for the international exhibition celebrating the number anniversary of the french revolution number protesters against globalization believe that multi national corporate are major contributors to the destruction of local cultures number the company was looking for a young innovation person to take over the marketing of new products number although adults advise children that they should always tell the truth their own actions may contradictory that advice c collocation each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose which of the three collocations from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence number a a conventional approach to assisting people with too much debt is to combine all of the money owed into one loan so that it is easier to manage repayment b some companies may have difficulty applying new organizational structures in their offices because of employees attachment to conventional patterns of working c conventional methods of energy production are being supplemented or replaced by wind wave and solar generators d the to dealing with traffic overcrowding has been to build more and wider roads number a the impressive display of goods in the window was intended to attract customers into the store b a public display of emotion at events such as funerals is not only accepted but expected in some cultures whereas in others such emotion should only be expressed in private c the museum permanent display of art works is impressive but it is the high quality of the changing exhibits that really marks this museum out as special b although a team may have internal tensions and disagreements the members are expected to put on a n of unity number a in drug research the placebo effect refers to the phenomenon whereby subjects exhibit a positive response to treatment even when they have not been given real medicine b when asked to give feedback on their classes most students initial response is to point out the things they did not like c the merger of the two schools was judged to be an appropriate response to falling enrollments in both school districts d the to the new parking system around the main shopping area encouraged the city administrator to extend it to other areas number a amniocentesis is a test given during pregnancy that provides doctors with an early indication of genetic disorders b memory capacity gives a strong indication of the ability to learn a foreign language c rulings from earlier court cases can provide a reliable indication of how judges will rule in similar cases in the future d length of day provides a more of the time of year than does temperature number a real estate agents assess the market potential of a house as well as the value of the building when determining prices b high quality staff development programs are key to unlocking the untapped potential of employees c marx believed that capitalism restricted human potential and that communism offered the opportunity for people to become well rounded individuals d the amazonian rain forest represents the of nature but it is danger of being destroyed by human exploitation of its resources number a many felt the result of the vote was a foregone conclusion because public opinion polls prior to the election clearly indicated the people would vote no b the study was only able to offer tentative conclusions about the effects of poor lighting on productivity as the number of subjects involved in the study was small c the representatives of each side of the pay dispute were responsible for bringing the negotiations to a satisfactory conclusion d researchers are only able to offer about the overall health effects of a low carbohydrate diet because no long term studies have been conducted number a large engineering projects such as the building of the channel tunnel commonly experience technical difficulties that interfere with the construction schedule b the exceptionally precise technical requirements for parts in jet engines increase production costs c successful business partnerships depend on complementary skills one partner may possess technical expertise while another may bring sales and marketing skills d artistic talent is a combination of creative imagination and number a the university housing office survey of local landlords asks whether students take appropriate care of rental properties b a survey on diet revealed that malnutrition is not just a problem for developing countries as problems associated with poor diet have been found among some us social groups c the survey commissioned by the city orchestra aims to determine its members views on the building of a new symphony hall d an international passenger that during periods of economic downturn companies are less willing to pay for business class travel number a the laboratory experiment is one of the main research methods for science but it is used much less often in social science research b the company research and development program aims to keep the company at the forefront of production methods design trends and quality control c part of the management duties of a principal include visiting classrooms observing teaching methods and reviewing instructional objectives d a student beginning a project has a variety of to choose from e g questionnaires interviews library searches controlled experiments number a airplanes obviously benefit from travelling with rather than against the jet stream that is why flights eastbound generally are faster than flights westbound b the popularity of a particular brand of bottled water may not obviously relate to its true level of purity c the degree to which a mother cares for her baby in its first months will obviously influence the mother child relationship d the social and income status of children who attend particular schools will to the location of the boundaries between school districts number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box use each word only once access contradictory corporate crucial methods alternatives conventional confirmed innovative potential numberconsidering how much time people spend in offices it is surprising how few of it has to be offices because people are not designed them are well designed designs make corporate images they inspire workers they impress number clients and visitors they make businesses work better they help shape corporate culture and influence all who come in contact with them the design of offices is integral to the culture we live in numberwe are quickly moving away from an industrial based economy to a knowledge based economy certainly this calls for number to the traditional work environment numberas a result the design industry has moved away from number static office design solutions to the creation of strategic management environments this shift requires new approaches and new solutions to workplace design the goal is to provide clients with viable number solutions that support dynamic organizational performance numbercorporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of number demands including budgetary limits employee hierarchies and relationships and technological innovation especially relating to computerization these must be balanced with the need to create interiors that in some way enhance establish or promote the number image in addition they must ensure that the design will enable employees to function at optimal levels numberamong the issues getting the most attention today are the flattening of employee hierarchies reflected in the movement of open plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and the use of fewer smaller and less formal private offices the need for increased flexibility is number by changes in workstation design new designs allow for expansion or movement of desks storage and other elements within the workstation changes to number of working are signalled by offices and workspaces that are not assigned to a given person on a permanent basis another number element is communication which has been improved by lowering the walls that separate workstations to support visual as well as vocal contact eliminating or downsizing private offices creating informal gathering places and upgrading employees number to back of house spaces such as copy and coffee rooms by moving them into more heavily trafficked areas to gather people numberall these elements are related and in the end must be integrated the most successful office designs are like a good marriage the well designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other adapted from henderson j number workplaces and workspaces office designs that work gloucester ma rockport publishing pp number number words b both reading passages in this chapter link office design with employee satisfaction productivity and creativity much has been written about these issues under the wider topic of employee motivation do some library research and then write an essay which outlines the factors that contribute to employee motivation and satisfaction unit number chapter number sitting comfortably number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what is the correct way to sit do you normally sit this way when you are studying or relaxing have you ever experienced back pain or felt stiff from sitting or standing in one position too long what could you do to prevent this are you comfortable in the chair you are now using why or why not number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words adapt establish overall stressful analytic hence overlap sufficient approximately incorporate parallel theory assess injured period transmit contracted internal preceding undergo discriminating military series volunteer number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on ergonomics ergonomics is the study of human characteristics for the appropriate design of the living and working environment it aims to enhance the safety well being and performance of human beings as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold the ergonomics of sitting number the modern office has undergone many changes from the rooms in which male clerks handwrote entries in account books or penned letters a century or longer ago by the middle of the twentieth century clerks had changed from standing to sitting and most office employees were females the idea however that healthy sitting is sitting upright still prevailed and modern office furniture was designed for that body position sitting and standing number in the workplace most employees either have to stand or sit for many hours per day sitting is a much less tiring posture than standing mostly because it requires fewer muscles to be contracted to stabilize the seated body and keep it upright but the best way to sit has been debated for decades number in number the scientist staffel published his theories about proper sitting postures he recommended a straight posture of the body neck and head similar to the desired back posture when standing this simple concept of healthy sitting was accepted by doctors teachers mothers and the military and has endured for a surprisingly long time for at least a century it was a common belief that standing and sitting with a straight back is physically desirable and socially proper for pupils and adults alike of course there is nothing wrong with voluntarily sitting or standing upright but it is unreasonable to require that a straight back be maintained for long periods of time such as during work while sitting in the office this is because the human body is adapted to moving around but not for standing still or sitting still sitting or standing still for extended periods is uncomfortable and leads to many problems pressure in the back while sitting number scientists have explored how pressure in the spine varies according to different sitting and standing positions when the volunteers they studied were standing at ease the forces in the spine were in the neighborhood of number newtons the newton n is a unit used to measure force the force increased by about number n when the subjects sat on a seat with their arms supported but without a backrest sitting relaxed but letting the arms hang down increased the internal force to nearly number n thus sitting down produced an increase in the force on the lower region of the spine compared with standing but the differences among sitting postures were not quite as pronounced however this changed if the chair had a backrest leaning back distinctly over a small backrest and letting the arms hang down reduced the internal compression forces to approximately number n this type of analytic study indicates the importance of supporting the back by leaning it on a rearward declined backrest and by maintaining the natural shape of the spine leaning the backrest past the vertical a line point straight up and down brings about decreases in internal force because part of the upper body weight is now transmitted to the backrest and hence does not rest on the spine see illustration one summary of the available research concluded that relaxed leaning against a rearward declined backrest is the least stressful sitting posture and is often used by office workers if the shapes of their chairs permit it there is no one healthy posture number neither theories nor practical experiences support the idea of a single proper healthy comfortable efficient sitting posture thus the traditional assumption that everybody should sit upright and that furniture should be designed to that end is mistaken instead there is general agreement that many postures may be comfortable healthy suitable efficient etc for short periods depending on one body preferences and work activities motion change variation and adjustment to fit the individual are central to a person well being comfort vs discomfort number the concept of comfort as related to sitting was elusive as long as it was defined simply and conveniently but falsely as the absence of discomfort in a number study of chair trials helander and zhang showed that in reality these two aspects are not extremes of one single scale instead there are two scales one for comfort and the other for discomfort these scales are not parallel but partly overlap discomfort is expressed in such terms as feeling stiff tired restless sore and in pain chair users can rather easily describe design features that result in feelings of discomfort such as chairs in wrong sizes that are too high or too low or with hard surfaces or edges but avoiding these design flaws does not by itself make a chair comfortable number we associate sitting comfort with well being if we feel supported safe pleased relaxed and restful however exactly what feels comfortable depends very much on the person individual habits on the environment and the task and on the passage of time number helander and zhang characterized discomfort and comfort separately with respect to sitting in a chair by means of seven respective statements expressing feelings or impressions about both the chair and its effects on the body or mind rated in a series of nine steps from not at all to extremely the statements about discomfort were as follows not at all number number number number number number number number number extremely number i have sore muscles number i have heavy legs number i feel uneven pressure number i feel stiff number i feel restless number i feel tired number i feel uncomfortable the following statements also rated in terms of the nine steps were about comfort not at all number number number number number number number number number extremely number i feel relaxed number i feel refreshed number the chair feels soft number the chair is spacious number the chair looks nice number i like the chair number i feel comfortable number unless a chair was truly unsuitable helander and zhang found it difficult to rank the chair by attributes of discomfort because the body is surprisingly adaptive except when the sitter has a bad or injured back by contrast the comfort descriptors proved sensitive and discriminating for ranking chairs in terms of preference helander and zhang subjects found it was easy to rank chairs in terms of their overall comfort or discomfort when provided with the preceding detailed descriptors it is interesting to note that the rankings of chairs were established early during the trials and did not change much with the length of time the subject sat still it is not clear whether a few minutes of sitting on chairs is sufficient to assess them or whether it takes longer trial periods number in sum the concept of healthy sitting is not compatible with traditional chair design because the body must be allowed to move and assume various postures modern design models for furniture need to incorporate the full range of body sizes and working postures among humans only then will we be able to work in comfort adapted from kroemer k kroemer h and kroemer elbert k number ergonomics upper saddle river nj prentice hall pp number number number number number number number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and on your personal experience number what views does the passage express about staffel theories of sitting number what is a key difference between sitting and standing number why is it so difficult to design comfortable chairs number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer number the floor heights of many buses trains and other forms of public transport have been adapted to enable easy access for wheelchair and baby carriage users companies that set up offices in foreign countries often need to adapt traditional working practices to suit local customs and conditions a to make something b to change to suit a new c to change something start working situation or need so that it is unrecognizable number in number approximately one million immigrants were granted entry into the united states in comparison to the nearly ninety thousand immigrants admitted to australia that same year no one actually counted the number of people at the political rally but some newspapers reported that approximately number number people had attended a false but seeming b correct or right for a c a little more or less to be right or true particular time than an exact amount number throughout the number century the british empire contracted steadily by the year number the falkland islands and gibraltar were some of britain few remaining possessions about number number million years ago a large cloud of gas slowed contracted under gravity into the glowing ball that became the sun a become smaller b become breakable c become different from one narrower tighter another number researchers have established a clear link between smoking and cancer although the cause of the fire may never be officially established there are several unofficial explanations a forced something b found out facts that will prove c continued to to grow that something is true experience number new buildings must incorporate certain features such as wide hallways and doors that are fully accessible to wheelchairs courses that prepare students for careers in the sciences normally incorporate a lot of mathematics a to develop something b to include something as c to give something gradually part of a plan or system more energy number historically women in the u s military were excluded from fighting on the front lines now however women are involved in most aspects of military life everyone hoped that the problems between the two countries could be solved by talks between their leaders rather than by military means a relating to a political b relating to a group of c relating to or used organization that meets government protesters by the army navy etc secretly number participants in the science fair were judged on their overall performance in the competition not just on their individual projects although the number of robberies has risen in the last year the overall crime rate for the city has gone down a including or considering b a type of clothing worn over c containing too many everything other clothes to protect them people or things number during the number space race scientists in both the us and the ussr were carrying out parallel research programs in the area of rocket science parallel efforts are required from both teachers and parents if children are to excel at school a similar and happening b having qualities that do not c concentrated at the same time normally exist together number in order to understand the origins of world war ii you must have know something about the peace treaties for the preceding war the new president agenda is not that different from that of the preceding one even though many in the company had expected big changes a preventing something b representing facts c happening or coming from happening in a through a group of before the time place particular way numbers or part mentioned number the companies recruitment procedures have undergone a number of changes that will be tested at the university careers fair the number of people who have undergone cosmetic surgery has risen significantly in recent years a to make something exist b to happen or be done to c something that gives that did not exist before someone or something strength or support number the final exams period can be very stressful for students so to avoid getting sick they should eat well and get plenty of exercise and sleep having children can be very stressful for marriages it can also deepen the bonds between a husband and wife a physically relaxing b involving a lot of pressure c difficult number new explorations of the planet hope to find proof for the theory that there was once life on mars einstein theory of relativity describes the relationship between time space and movement a the way an action b an idea that is intended c a piece of information changes something to explain about life that is known to be true number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of the word across parts of speech write the meaning of each target word in your own words number police officers and detectives must take an analytic approach to solving crime they must consider every detail no matter how small higher education aims to develop analytic thought by encouraging students to examine and question in detail the accepted ideas of everyday life and culture analytic number the magazine consumer reports assesses products such as fitness equipment on the basis of price usability ergonomics and construction the program used three types of tests to assess students language proficiency assess number improved labelling of the ingredients and nutritional values of food products has enabled consumers to become more discriminating about their food purchases a discriminating collector of art will attend only the best sales in hopes of purchasing high quality paintings discriminating number the marathon runner was not able to continue because of her injured ankle in the tropics even superficial injuries need to be treated promptly to avoid infection injured number when remodelling the office several internal walls were removed to create an open plan space an internal flight across russia can take longer than a flight between london and new york internal number because much of the content of history and politics overlaps students majoring in these subjects often share several classes the tiles on a roof must overlap in order to prevent water and wind from getting through cracks overlap number the contract gave the buyers a number day period during which they could change their minds and receive a full refund on the purchase price a cicada is an insect that takes a period ranging from number to number years to develop to adulthood in contrast its adult lifespan lasts only a few weeks period number most research findings are based on information assembled from a series of studies rather than from one single piece of research the students were required to write a series of essays each one longer and more complex than the one before series number fresh water supplies that were sufficient to sustain the global population innumber were only enough for one third of the population in number the lack of sufficient jobs is a major reason for urban poverty in developing countries sufficient number the telegraph invented in the number was the first instrument used to transmit messages by electronic current although humans communicate many of their emotions through words we also transmit our feelings through facial expressions and gestures transmit number the school relied on volunteers to assist with serving school lunches as they could not afford to pay for lunch room staff many charities use volunteers to run their operations so that money received from donations is not spent on staff salaries volunteer word tip the word hence is found at the start of a sentence clause or phrase and is used to show a cause and effect relationship between the first and second pieces of information examples the site of the restaurant is a crossroads where five roads meet hence its name five ways the school had very strict rules about lateness hence the teacher anger when the students arrived number minutes after the beginning of class b word families in the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used read each sentence carefully and decide whether the correct form has been used or not pay careful attention to the position of the word in the sentence put x next to sentences in which the wrong form has been used draw a line through any incorrect form and write the correct form above it number many new products in the marketplace are really only traditional products to which minor adaptables have been made number an accountant job is to keep a record of a company accounts while a financial analytic job is to examine these records for business trends number it is important to do warm up exercises before beginning heavy exercise because cold muscles may contract leading to greater risk of injury number product styling often makes it difficult to discrimination between good and poor quality furniture design number because u s law is based on the principle of innocent until proven guilty prosecuting attorneys must establish a defendant guilt in the courtroom number when developing internal policies for the hiring and firing of employees companies must take account of state and national employment laws number it is important to make period checks of your smoke and fire detectors to ensure that the batteries are functioning number there are more than number million motor vehicle accidents in the u s annually which result in approximately number million disabling injure number researchers theory that differences in the occurrence of heart disease between racial groups may be explained by differences in genetics diet and socio economic status number when selecting candidates many universities and employers consider whether applicants have participated in volunteer activities c collocation match each target word in the box with the group of words that regularly occurs with it in all cases the target word comes before the word in the list preceding incorporate approximately military transmit internal overall undergo stressful sufficient number number number number number treatment findings impact one third job examination ideas performance forty percent lifestyle change technology usefulness ten minutes conditions surgery aspects reliability sixty dollars events number number number number number junta section affairs signals evidence attach year documents data time coup generation flights images merit regime remarks markets information funds number expansion a read the following checklist which summarizes some of the crucial points from the book office ergonomics k h e kroemer and a d kroemer number london taylor and francis as you go through the list assess how ergonomically sound your space is think about what aspects you can improve number is your computer display monitor directly behind your keyboard and not off to one side is its position slightly low so that you look down at it somewhat is it about an arm length away from you number with your shoulders relaxed is your keyboard at approximately elbow height number do you have soft pads to help support your wrists when using your keyboard and mouse thus avoiding potential wrist problems if you do have wrist problems have you considered incorporating voice recognition software into your method of working number is your chair adjustable so that you can sit in it in several different positions an adjustable chair that allows frequent posture changes is generally more comfortable than a conventional chair that does not number does your chair have armrests they can be useful for relieving stress on your arms but only if they are well padded with no sharp edges or corners number do you have ample room to stretch your legs while sitting furniture sold for residential use may lack some of the ergonomic adaptations found on commercial office furniture and sometimes lacks sufficient space under the computer desk for full leg extension number is some of your office equipment and storage such as the printer and filing cabinet out of easy reach this requires you to get up from your chair and walk over to them the human body prefers movement to being stationary for long periods of time so this method of enforcing movement can be an important part of a healthy work study environment number if you regularly talk on the telephone and type at the same time do you use a headset holding the phone with your shoulder causes your body to twist and muscles to contract unnaturally number is your computer display placed that so no light reflects off it this requires that the screen be positioned so that there are no bright windows or lights directly behind you when you are sitting at the computer similarly there should be no bright lights or windows behind or to the side of the computer display which could shine directly into your eyes number is there is an acceptable level of sound in your space are there distracting noises do keep in mind that if you find complete silence uncomfortable pleasant background sound e g soft music can help to create a positive overall atmosphere number is the temperature comfortable for you for most people this means internal temperatures of between number number�c number number�f in summer or a warm climate and between number numberc number number�f in winter or a cool climate the best humidity is usually around number in general if you are aware of the temperature this is an indication that it needs to be adjusted number do you take a short break at least every number minutes since the body is made for movement this is perhaps the best ergonomic tip although it may seem contradictory establishing a work pattern that allows you to move your muscles and change your posture frequently will do as much as anything else to increase your comfort while sitting b in recent years more and more office workers are suffering from repetitive strain injuries that cost their companies a considerable amount of money due to lost work time investigate some of these types of injuries then write an essay in which you describe the causes of these injuries and identify ergonomic solutions to their causes unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary grammar information dictionaries written especially for learners provide more than just information about word meaning a good learners dictionary can also play the role of a grammar guide look at the entry for the word potential below laad for the word potential the following sentences written by learners contain grammar errors the dictionary entry provides the information the students need to correct each error potential the question now is if greece has all the necessary potentials to make tourism profitable u indicates that this word is uncountable realize his i believe that if someone is in danger he would muster his courage to bring the potential the entry shows possible collocations and the appropriate sentence structure my the film showed me how to bring the potential into full play the example sentences show that a possessive pronoun can precede the word potential i using the grammar information in your dictionary look at the dictionary entries for the four words below use the grammar information in the entry to identify and correct the errors in the sentences that follow all of the sentences have been written by learners of english number prevailing market strategies are expected to force companies to adapt shorter development times number even though american culture is a melting pot of cultures i still needed time to adapt my french behavior for the american way of life number we can think of wrinkles as a story that life has written on the body they are an indication what laughter and sorrow this person has experienced in life number a person pronunciation makes an indication of the social class to which that speaker belongs number the expansion of the united states was led by people who seeked their own land and fortune number now a lot of people seek for democracy number china has undergo a lot of experience in developing its education number the american population has underwent major changes over the last twenty years number strategy guessing from context guessing a new word meaning from context is an important vocabulary learning strategy use this step by step guide to help you to guess more successfully number look at the unknown word and decide its part of speech e g noun verb etc number look at words around the new word and try to find other words linked to it for example if the word is a noun what adjectives describe it number look at the wider context look for relationships like cause and effect contrast and summary these relationships may be signalled by conjunctions like but and because punctuation may also provide a clue semicolons often signal a list of inclusive relationships dashes may signal restatement number use the knowledge you have acquired from steps number to guess the meaning of the word number check that your guess is appropriate a is the part of speech of your guess the same as that of the unknown word if it is not then something is wrong with your guess b replace the unknown word with your guess if the sentence makes sense your guess is probably correct c break the unknown word into its prefix root and suffix if possible if the meanings of the prefix and root correspond to your guess good if not look at your guess again but do not change anything if you feel fairly certain about your guess from using the context now try to guess a word from context using this procedure try it with the word occurrence in bold in the heading of the next section number word knowledge frequency of occurrence general english words will typically be much more frequent in language than academic vocabulary this difference in frequency is one the things that make academic words feel more academic compare the frequency of the following academic words with the frequency of their general english counterparts the s and w columns show the most frequent number number words in spoken or written english as indicated by the longman advanced american dictionary the number number most frequent words are indicated by a number the second thousand by a number the third thousand by a number academic frequency per general frequency per words million words s w words million words s w facilitate number help number number number preceding number previous number number number approximately number about number number number crucial number number important number number number sufficient number number enough number number number display number number show number number number authority number number number power number number number period number number number time number number number the frequency of academic words varies but academic words will almost always be less frequent than their general english counterpart in the box below there are ten words from this unit replace the general english word in the sentences with its academic counterpart from the box be careful to use the correct form of the word you will not use two words the first one is done for you assign contract conclusion exhibition corporate enhance transmit exclusion restrict innovation number most materials will contract get smaller when they cool number the automotive show displayed cars from number countries number the end of the report contained sharp criticism of the president number malaria is spread by mosquitoes number the general gave the dangerous mission to his best soldiers number due to the drought the watering of gardens was limited to ten minutes per day number the expense of entertaining clients is usually charged to a business account number some athletes illegally improve their body strength through the use of steroids unit number chapter number water for sale number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what kind of soft drinks are most popular with you and your friends is water one of them what brands of bottled water can you name which are considered the best why do you think bottled water has become so popular recently number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words aid confine highlight predominate alternative criteria imply proportion arbitrary despite inherent random chemical extract justify regulate complement federal label unique comprise guarantee layer whereas number reading the following passage discusses the increasing consumer demand for bottled water as you read the following passage pay special attention to the words in bold exploding sales for bottled water numberwalk down the drinks aisle at the supermarket look in the drinks cabinet in your local convenience store a new beverage is taking over more and more space on the shelves and that drink is water bottled water sales in the united states have risen to number number billion gallons number number billion liters in number for plastic bottles alone compared to total sales of only number million gallons number number billion liters in number whereas bottled water was once associated only with the rich and privileged it is now regularly drunk by people at all income levels despite the fact that the price of bottled water can be between number to number number times higher per gallon than tap water what accounts for this astounding increase in demand numbertraditionally people have drunk bottled water for health reasons the practice of taking the waters originated with the romans who believed that a person developed a healthy mind by nurturing a healthy body across europe the custom of drinking or bathing in mineral water has been associated with curative powers for ailments such as arthritis kidney stones and skin diseases health spas such as those at evian in france or san pellegrino in italy began bottling water so their patrons could continue their treatments at home twenty first century consumers are also concerned about health however for americans where the habit of drinking bottled water is relatively new the concern is often more related to the purity or sterility of the water than to its mineral contents americans are worried about the effects of chemical pollution and other contaminants on the water supply many view bottled water as a safe alternative to tap water numberfurther reasons for drinking bottled water are its usefulness as an aid to digestion as a complement to a good meal in a restaurant and for taste municipal tap water is often treated with chlorine to disinfect against harmful micro organisms chlorine as well as the metals from pipes and tanks used to distribute and store tap water can leave behind an unpleasant taste numberhealth and taste are not however the only reasons for drinking bottled water marketing studies have shown that the consumer most likely to use bottled water is an adult eighteen to thirty four years of age who is educated upscale and health conscious even early european health spas were very fashionable places with grand hotels casinos and social facilities in addition to the halls for drinking water today many bottled water brands are associated with celebrities and a celebrity lifestyle water bottle labels and the shape of the bottles themselves are in the hands of designers and marketers packaging emphasizes health purity vitality youth and nature is all the hype surrounding bottled water justified numberin the united states bottled water is defined as water that is sealed in a sanitary container is sold for human consumption and meets all state federal and industry standards bottled water that comprises more than number percent by weight of sweeteners or chemicals is considered to be a soft drink beverages with sweeteners or chemicals are not regulated by government in the same way as bottled water in france other criteria must be met one condition is that the mineral content of the water must be low enough that the water can be consumed without a maximum safe daily limit waters with higher mineral contents can only be consumed at spas under medical supervision generally bottled water can be both carbonated or non carbonated sparkling or still consumption of carbonated water predominates in germany while in the rest of europe and the united states non carbonated water is more popular numberspring water in particular is associated with a type of purity many consumers want given the sudden growth in the number of brands of bottled water available today consumers now want to know how they can guarantee that the water they are buying is really spring water for this reason the u s food and drug administration fda requires that a bottle label clearly indicate what type of type of water is in the bottle the varieties of bottled water include the following artesian water is extracted by means of a well from a confined water bearing layer of sand or rock known as an aquifer the water is pressurized and will flow naturally once tapped mineral water contains a constant level and proportion of dissolved minerals such as calcium and magnesium in order to be labeled mineral water it must contain no less than number parts per million ppm of these dissolved solids the number ppm threshold is in reality an arbitrary number because many excellent european mineral waters do not meet this requirement and therefore cannot be marketed as mineral water in the united states distilled water has undergone a process of distillation whereby the water is vaporized to remove dissolved minerals and then recondensed to liquid form sparkling water is naturally carbonated due to geothermal conditions at its source if the natural carbonation level is diminished during processing the carbon dioxide can be replaced up to the original level of natural occurrence spring water is derived from an underground rock formation from which water flows naturally to the surface the water may come directly from the spring itself or from a borehole or well nearby which taps into the underground formation near the spring natural springs occur randomly and each one has unique properties drinking water has been significantly processed via treatments such as reverse osmosis deionization or activated carbon filtration the source of this water need not be indicated in the united states more than number percent of bottled waters are derived from municipal water sources two major brands aquafina bottled by pepsi and dasani bottled by coca cola fall under this category numberan inherent element of the production of any product is the packaging despite the clarity required by the fda water bottlers are promoting a market perception that bottled water is pure safe and good for you a survey of the labels and websites of number water bottlers carried out by the national resources defense council highlights the widespread use of terminology that implies that bottled water is extraordinarily pure and derived from pristine natural sources terminology number of bottlers pure number purest or purity number pristine number glacial number natural or prepared by nature number naturally purified or naturally occurring number premium number mountain water number clean number good health or healthy number for health conscious number numberin addition images of mountain lakes and glaciers or flowing streams abound on labels and may even be imprinted on the actual shape of the bottles even though the water may be sourced from someplace as flat as texas although many consumers find such labeling misleading it is not illegal unless a company makes a direct claim that the picture represents the source of the water numberin sum the leap in demand for bottled water can be attributed to the public perception fueled by industry marketing that bottled water is a cleaner healthier alternative to tap water while u s consumers can be confident that bottled water is subject to strict health and food packaging regulations bottle labels may not yet tell them everything they wish to know original composition by diane schmitt for further information see www bottledwaterweb com or www nrdc org water drinking number words understanding the reading respond to the following base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what reasons does the writer give for the popularity of bottled water number what are some of the key differences between the different varieties of bottled water number how carefully do you read the labels on the food or beverages you buy what kind of information are you looking for on the labels number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words on the left with their definitions on the right if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pp number then check your dictionary set number number justify a to consist of particular parts groups etc number comprise b the standards upon which judgments or decisions can be number regulate made number guarantee c to make it certain that something will happen number federal d to give a good and acceptable reason for something number criteria e concerning the central government of a country as number random opposed to the governments of the individual states f happening or chosen without any definite plan aim or pattern g to control an activity or process especially by rules set number number complement a something that emphasizes the good qualities of another number despite person or thing number whereas b being the only one of its kind unusually good or special number imply c to suggest that something is true without saying or showing number unique it directly number highlight d a single amount of a substance either on top of a surface or number layer between two other things or substances e to make something easy to notice so that people pay attention to it f without being prevented or influenced by something else even though something else exists or is true g although something is true of one thing it is not true of another number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym for the numbered word cross it out number chemical substance number alternative option element idea compound choice weight substitute number confine supply number inherent inborn restrict intrinsic limit innate put in prison intelligent number label description number aid assistance tag help vision support sticker obstacle number extract supplement number proportion amount take out part remove goodness dig out percentage number arbitrary random number predominant minor deliberate main by chance largest unfair principal word tip the government of most countries is referred to as the national government however in the united states when we refer to the national government we usually use the term federal e g the federal court of appeal the federal reserve bank a system in which powers are divided between a central government and local governments is called a federal system in the united states government powers are divided between the national government in washington d c and each of the number states other countries with federal systems of government include canada and germany b word families number the table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the rest of the table x indicates that there is not a form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table noun verb adjective adverb complement x guarantee x number number regulate x proportion number number number number number chemical number number x justify number number confine x layer x x unique number number federal number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide number a the water in many cities is chemically treated with fluoride to help prevent tooth decay b is one of the core science subjects in school along with biology and physics number a although the striker did not score a goal his overall performance in the game clearly justified his selection for the soccer team b the given for most divorces is irreconcilable differences number a the regulatory body in charge of air safety in the united states is the federal aviation authority faa b safety require the use of safety helmets and eye protection on all building sites number a the guaranteed monthly payout from the pension upon retirement was number percent of the final monthly salary b most car manufacturers their vehicles for number years or number number miles although some warranties are as long as number years number a in imperial rome there was proportionally much more public space and much less private space than in modern cities b stefan law states that the sun brightness is to the fourth power of its temperature number a sparkling water is often served as a complement to fine food as it can aid digestion b to build an effective team for sports or work it is important to select members whose skills those of other team members number a the pain in her arm was confined to a point just above her elbow b prisoners causing problems with other inmates are sometimes put in solitary as punishment number a the traditional japanese wedding kimono is a multi layered gown made of fine silk of various colors b the deterioration of the ozone in the atmosphere means that skin cancer rates are likely to increase in the future number a the artist was successful in developing a style that was uniquely hers b teachers must always be aware of the of each student each with their own individual learning preferences number a although city and state governments finance many american universities there are federally funded programs to help to ensure equal access to all universities b on several occasions the province of quebec has threatened to withdraw from the canadian c collocation each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners number the aim of the computer simulation was to highlight potential problems in implementing the new traffic control system the television station ran special programs to highlight the problem of runaway children the aral sea can be used as an example to highlight the problem of environmental mismanagement number one of the inherent problems in globalization is that countries now import goods from distant parts of the world instead of using locally produced goods an inherent problem of new and fast computer chips is that they produce large amounts of heat fighter aircraft are very maneuverable but almost all have an inherent problem with stability number at many universities the financial aid package includes a combination of grants loans and work study jobs because of the recent slump in airline travel the major industry players have decided to ask the government for financial aid even when financial aid to farmers aims to provide security for staple food crops it may be viewed by some as an obstacle to free trade number the company regularly sponsored car free days to encourage its employees to try out alternative ways of getting to work although the phonics system of sounding out words letter by letter is in common use there are alternative ways of teaching children to read once he realized his job was threatened he looked for alternative ways of earning a living number the criteria for the selection of astronauts are very challenging both in terms of intelligence and physical fitness prestigious universities such as harvard are able to set extremely high criteria for the selection of new students the european union has set criteria for selecting which new countries can join the association number the stylized fight scenes were the predominant feature of the film the predominant feature of the atkins diet is the emphasis on minimizing the number of calories from carbohydrates in a person daily food intake by the end of the american civil war rifles had become the predominant feature of the battlefield making infantry charges obsolete number the soldiers tried to extract information from the prisoner it takes a great deal of expertise to extract meaningful information from raw financial data modern database software allows researchers to easily locate and extract the information they need number ian fleming made an arbitrary decision to name his hero james bond after seeing the name on the book birds of the west indies the three candidates for the job were all equally qualified so the employer made an arbitrary decision to hire the first one although naming the new building after a former president appeared to be an arbitrary decision in fact the committee had given it a lot of thought number to be valid psychological research must use a random sample of subjects who accurately reflect the behavior and characteristics of the group to be studied world class athletes must submit to random sampling of their urine to prove that they are not taking banned substances companies test random samples of their products during the manufacturing process to ensure quality control number hitler decided to invade russia despite the fact that he was already waging war on england the gallery was forced to close the traveling rembrandt exhibition on schedule despite the fact that there were still thousands of people who wanted to view it dolphins can hold their breath for five minutes or more despite the fact that their lungs are not particularly large number expansion a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partner number the advertising and labels of many food products claiming to aid weight loss are misleading number clubs that comprise themselves of only male or only female members should be illegal number whereas athletes from wealthy countries have an unfair advantage because of their access to state of the art training programs athletes from poorer countries are unfairly disadvantaged by the lack of such programs number it is acceptable for newspapers to print stories implying the guilt of people suspected of a crime before their trial number a government must always justify the reasons for going to war to its people number every language reflects the unique culture of the people who speak it number all people are inherently good number a random lottery is the best way to decide who must join the military number richer countries supplying foreign aid to poorer countries is one of the best ways of promoting world peace number wind and solar power offer viable alternatives to conventional energy sources such as oil and coal b in the reading exploding sales for bottled water the writer notes that health concerns are a major reason for the consumption of bottled water write an essay that investigates the health issues surrounding the consumption of water bottled or otherwise unit number chapter number the aral sea an environmental disaster number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what factors could cause a lake to die why might farming be more profitable than fishing think of ecological or environmental problems in your part of the world which of these are natural and which are the result of human interference with nature number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words abandon devote input prohibitive adjacent diminish minimize region annual duration nevertheless terminate benefit expansion occur ultimate cite expert outcome virtually conduct inevitable predict volume number reading the following passage comes from a report on the ecological consequences of the shrinking of the aral sea this passage includes a variety of measurement statistics a note with metric to imperial conversions is provided at the end as you read the passage pay special attention to the words in bold the dying lake numbere aral sea located in the deserts between kazakhstan and uzbekistan is the site of one of the largest man made environmental disasters of modern times agricultural planning has robbed it of virtually all of its inflowing river water which has caused it to shrink to a salty lifeless lake in number the aral was the world fourth largest lake in area behind the caspian sea lake superior and lake victoria it covered number number kmnumber with a volume number number kmnumber and an average salt content of about number grams per liter by number the sea area had decreased to number number its volume diminished to number kmnumber and its average salinity risen to around number grams liter by number it is estimated that it will shrink to an area of number number kmnumber a volume of about number kmnumber and have a salt content of nearly number grams liter numberboth weather and human involvement have contributed to the aral shrinkage a series of dry years in the numbers particularly number lowered the amount of river water flowing into the aral sea by around number percent compared to the average during the preceding number years the number to number period also had low river flows nevertheless the main cause of the shrinkage was the massive amount of water taken from the rivers for farming the area around the lake is dry and virtually all of the river water is now diverted to irrigate the surrounding fields of cotton and rice the end result is that since the mid numbers very little river water has reached the lake without any input of new water the lake is rapidly drying up numberirrigation as been practiced on the rivers feeding into the aral sea for thousands of years in number more than number million hectares were under irrigation in the aral sea basin growing to number million by number but by number the irrigated area in the aral sea basin had grown to nearly number number million hectares during the planning for this major expansion of irrigation in the aral sea basin conducted in the numbers and numbers it was predicted that increasing irrigation would reduce the amount of water flowing to the sea and substantially reduce its size at the time a number of experts saw this as a worthwhile tradeoff a cubic meter of river water used for irrigation would bring far more value than the same cubic meter delivered to the aral sea they based this calculation on a simple comparison of economic gains from irrigated agriculture against the economic benefits from the sea indeed the ultimate shrinkage of the aral to a relatively small salty lake as all its inflow was devoted to agriculture and other economic needs was viewed as both desirable and inevitable numberhowever the planners did not fully understand the consequences of their actions and there have been several undesirable outcomes of the sea shrinkage first much of the exposed lake bottom is salt covered the winds have taken this salty dust and blown it over a huge amount of the farmland supplied by the irrigation water and this has negatively affected the farm harvests traces of aral salt have been found as far away as number number kilometers to the southeast of the sea in georgia on the black sea coast and even along the arctic shore of russia soviet scientists began reporting major dust storms in the area in number with up to ten major storms occurring per year in the period between number and number observations by soviet cosmonauts indicated that the frequency and size of the storms grew as the aral continued to decline overall an estimated number million metric tons of salt annually are carried from the sea dried bottom and deposited over an adjacent area as wide as number number to number number kmnumber numbersecond research has established that the aral affects temperature and moisture conditions in surrounding lands with contraction the sea influence on climate has substantially diminished the summers have become warmer winters cooler spring frosts later and the fall frosts earlier as a result the duration of the crop growing season has shortened for example the growing season just south of the sea has been reduced by an average of number days forcing farmers to terminate cotton production and switch to growing rice numberird as the sea has shrunk and become more salty commercial fishing has been destroyed by the early numbers number of number native fish species disappeared and the commercial catch number number metric tons in number fell to zero employment directly and indirectly related to the aral fishery reportedly number number jobs in the numbers has disappeared the end of commercial fishing and other harmful consequences of the sea drying has led to tens of thousands of people abandoning the cities and villages on the aral coast for those people who remain there are problems with the drinking water supply the declining quality of the drinking water is cited as the main factor in the increase in illnesses in the region particularly among children the desert animals who use the aral sea as a drinking source have also begun dying from its greatly increased mineral content numbere future of the aral sea looks bleak the aral water balance could be improved by importing water from more humid regions such as siberia but the expense of such a project is prohibitive the most direct way of saving the aral sea would be to minimize irrigation and allow the rivers to once again flow into the sea however despite the shortened growing season both the kazakhstan and uzbekistan economies are dependent on the farm produce made possible by this irrigation so a reduction in irrigation does not seem possible the aral seems doomed to become ever smaller more salty and more lifeless the already substantial ecological damage and economic losses estimated in the billions of rubles will inevitably grow worse adapted from micklin p p desiccation of the aral sea a water management disaster in the soviet union in a goudie ed the human impact reader number blackwell pp number number words note number kmnumber number number milenumber number kmnumber number number milenumber number gram liter number number ounce gallon number hectare number number acres number metric ton number number tons see http onlineconversion com for an internet converter for these units understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are some of the unexpected outcomes of the aral sea becoming smaller and saltier number the diminishing size and volume of the aral sea was part of a long term plan what factors did the planners fail to take into account during their planning number can you think of any ecological success stories where the effects of pollution or other man made disasters have been reversed number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading number volume number a the amount of space that something contains or fills b a book particularly one that is part of a set or series number diminish number a to make someone or something appear less important than they really are b to become smaller or less important or to make something do this number input number a something that is put in as an amount b ideas advice money or effort that you put into a job meeting etc in order to help it succeed number expansion number a the act or process of increasing in size number amount or range b the act or process of making a company or business larger by opening new shops factories etc number conduct number a to do something especially in order to get information or prove facts to conduct research b if a material conducts something especially electricity or heat it allows the electricity or heat to travel through it number ultimate number a an ultimate aim purpose etc is the final and most important one b better bigger worse etc than all other objects of the same kind number devote number a to give your time money attention etc to do something or help something be successful b to use a particular area period of time or amount of space for a specific purpose number abandon number a to go away from a place vehicle etc permanently especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay b to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue number cite number a to give the exact words of something that has been published in order to support an opinion or prove an idea b to mention something as an example especially one that supports proves or explains an idea or situation number region number a used to describe an amount of time money etc without being exact somewhere in the region of number billion b a fairly large area of a state country etc usually without exact limits number prohibitive number a prohibitive costs are so high that they prevent people from buying or doing something b a prohibitive tax or rule prevents people from doing things number minimize number a to make the degree or amount of something as small as possible b to make something seem less serious or important than it really is number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box the first one is done for you benefit inevitable duration virtually nevertheless expert adjacent outcome predict terminated occur annual number the changing of the seasons brings the early darkness that makes winter feel so gloomy unavoidable inescapable number production at the factory was as a result of the fire ended concluded number the new university sports center is to the students union next side by side with number environmentalists that global warming could cause the polar ice caps to melt expect foretell number the company report showed that profits had fallen from the previous year yearly twelve monthly number the of the election was unexpected as early reports had indicated that the other candidate was ahead result conclusion number the patient was advised to avoid caffeine while taking the medicine in order to derive the maximum from the drugs gain advantage number the buffalo had disappeared from american plains before it the american bison society was organized in number to save it almost nearly number the rules stated that sports could not be played indoors the students regularly played soccer in the dormitory corridors yet even so number the floods that regularly in india and bangladesh are the result of the long term removal of trees from the slopes of the himalayas happen take place number the of a volcanic eruption and its overall age will affect the form and size of a volcano length period number the charity sent an agricultural to provide information about irrigation techniques specialist professional word tip nevertheless is an adverb that is used primarily as a transition word in writing it is used to connect two sentences and to show an unexpected result the informal spoken version of nevertheless is but�anyway he had no qualifications nevertheless he got the job the treatment was well researched and expensive nevertheless it was not very effective b word families number study the members of the word families given below see if you can note any patterns in the spelling changes list the patterns below word family tables noun verb adjective adverb minimum minimize minimal minimally expansion expand expandable expansive x benefit benefit beneficial beneficially conduct conduct x x input input x x expert expertise x expert expertly volume x voluminous x x x annual annually occurrence occur x x region x regional regionally nouns adverbs adjectives number identify the part of speech of the missing word and then write an appropriate form for the academic word in the blank use the above table to help you number the united nations sends observers to monitor elections in countries where there is a risk of the election being conduct undemocratically number the first occur of many words in english is in shakespeare plays number students on the master of science in agriculture take courses in crop production systems and crop protection to develop their expert in crop technology number one of the benefit effects of sunshine on the human skin is the creation of vitamin d number there has been a huge amount of research on world war ii and the literature this has produced is volume number apart from certain region differences there is similarity throughout most scandinavian medieval architecture number the data from the research was available but it had to be input into the database in a pre determined sequence number early discharge of mothers and newborn babies from hospitals after birth helps to minimal both parties exposure to hospital acquired infections number if a region receives less than twenty inches of rainfall annual it is difficult to grow food without the help of irrigation number the computer came with number mb of ram which has been expansion to number mb c collocation each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose which of the three collocations from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence number a his willingness to devote all of his free time to charity work impressed his friends b the committee recommended that the city devote more resources to its police and fire departments c many politicians devote too much of their attention to getting reelected and too little to being effective public servants d unions much of their and energy trying to improve the pay and conditions of their members number a human welfare is the ultimate goal of economic activity b the medical team ultimate aim is to find a cure for cancer c teachers can help introduce social values to their young students but the ultimate responsibility for the development of children falls on parents d the investigation determined that the for the pollution of local ground water sources lay with the chief executive officer of the chemical company number a the goal of equal rights between the sexes is not to diminish the importance of men in relation to women but to recognize the valuable contributions of both sexes to society b soldiers firing big field guns hold their hands over their ears and open their mouths to diminish the impact of the loud noise on their eardrums c the university attempted to diminish the influence of the outspoken professor by transferring him to a smaller and less prestigious department d the fact that martin luther king was accused of plagiarizing some of his speeches does not of his message number a the maximum duration a u s president can hold office is number terms or number years b most students entering the country receive a visa of limited duration and must apply for an extension if they wish to extend their period of study c most airlines now recommend that passengers wear their seatbelts for the entire duration of the flight d the of the strike action ensured that the employers would not take the workers demands seriously number a the newest survival suits allow sailors to survive in cold water for hours if they are forced to abandon ship b it was not easy for some medieval scholars to abandon the idea that the sun revolves around the earth c heavy pressure from environmental groups forced the government to abandon the project to dam the river d the company had to of moving its headquarters out of the city center because rising gasoline prices would increase transportation costs number a in most employment contracts both the employer and employee have the right to terminate employment after a notice period typically number days b when drawing up a contract it is normal practice to include a clause outlining the conditions under which the signing parties can terminate the contract c the employees were instructed to terminate their relationship as it was against company policy to date fellow employees d the manufacturer wished to the with the supplier because the supplier had failed to meet agreed shipping schedules number a the final outcome of a legal case may take many years because the law allows for appeals to higher courts b the scientists tried to predict the likely outcome of the experiment c the successful outcome of the marshall plan is that western europe is democratic and prosperous d when warm moist air rises through the atmosphere thunderstorms are a number a increased world usage of automobiles is an inevitable consequence of the development of less developed countries b the inevitable result of years of over fishing is diminished catches and the reduction of fishing fleets c the industrial revolution led to the inevitable decline of feudalism as power moved from the land owners to the owners of plant and equipment d scientific evidence now clearly shows that smoking is connected to an in physical health number a linguists can cite the example of welsh as an illustration of how one endangered language has been saved b it is not difficult to cite several reasons why the mona lisa is one of the most famous paintings in the world c one need only cite the case of nelson mandela to show that one man can make a difference in governmental reform d educators can normally for children poor performance in school despite access to high quality teaching number a although no one can predict the future for certain weather forecasters can be quite accurate up to three days in advance b political polls are generally able to predict the outcome of elections fairly well c it is very difficult to predict the effects of new medicines so a carefully planned series of studies are necessary before new drugs are approved d the range of evidence given at the trial ensured that it would be very difficult for anyone to number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box be sure to use the correct word form based on the context one word will be used more than once adjacent annually beneficial minimum nevertheless prohibitively regions ultimately virtually volume creating more fresh water through desalination numberas fresh water becomes more and more scarce several countries have begun to use the ocean as a source of water desalination or salt removal from seawater is a number method of providing fresh water for business home and agricultural use today there are more than number number desalination plants in existence worldwide that number provide about numberpercent of the world drinking water the majority of these plants are located in the middle east the caribbean and the mediterranean numberone method of desalination is distillation saltwater is boiled and the resulting water vapor is passed through a cooler where it condenses and is collected as fresh water this simple procedure is very efficient at purifying seawater for instance distillation of seawater produces number pure water which is about number times fresher than bottled water because the taste of distilled water is rather flat it needs to be mixed with less pure water to improve the taste distillation is expensive however because it requires large amounts of heat energy to boil the saltwater it takes a number of number number calories of heat energy to make a half liter about one pint bottle of distilled water number more than half of the world desalination plants use the distillation process numberreverse osmosis osmos to push may number have better potential for large scale desalination in osmosis fresh water and salt water tanks are placed number to one another the water molecules naturally pass through a thin semi permeable membrane from the fresh water solution to the saltwater solution in reverse osmosis water on the salty side is highly pressurized to drive water molecules but not salt and other impurities through the membrane to the fresh water side a significant problem with reverse osmosis is that the membranes are flimsy become clogged and must be replaced frequently advanced composite materials may help eliminate these problems because they are sturdier provide better filtration and last up to number years worldwide at least number countries located in arid number are operating reverse osmosis units for example santa barbara california operates a reverse osmosis plant that produces a number of up to number million liters number million gallons daily which supplies up to numberpercent of its municipal water needs number because current methods for converting sea water to fresh water remain number expensive for many countries and regions scientists continue to search for novel approaches to desalination adapted from thurman h v and trujillo a p essentials of oceanography number prentice hall pp number number words b water is perhaps the earth most precious resource as human and animal life cannot be sustained without it what is more as the population increases there will be greater and greater need for more fresh water desalination is one method of increasing the earth fresh water supply with a partner create a list of additional ways we can create purify discover or conserve fresh water next compare your list with another pair and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method finally rank your ideas according to the likelihood of them being implemented in the future c write a short essay in which you argue in favor of a method or group of methods for using water more wisely in the future keep in mind that an argument style essay is like a debate on paper as you write think back to your group discussion and any counter arguments that were made to the methods you have chosen to promote be sure to address these different viewpoints in your essay unit number chapter number international conflict over natural resources number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what are some of the most important natural resources a country can have natural resources are not evenly distributed across the world how has access to resources made a difference in the economic development of resource rich and resource poor countries water is scarce in many parts of the world in what places might competition over water cause friction between two or more countries number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words adequate commodity fluctuate secure anticipate discrete insert site attain enable mutually supplement aware ensure nonetheless sustain capable exploit precise transport clarify export sector utilize number reading the following passage is adapted from an internet page on the international red cross web site it focuses on water and potential international conflict over it as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold water politics in the middle east and north africa numberconflicts between nations can arise from numerous issues such as disputes over territory but nations will also go to war over natural resources in the middle east oil is the most valuable natural resource however water is also of obvious importance to the individual economies of the region in contrast to oil however it is of little economic significance on a global scale it is not a surplus resource to be traded it can be used in agricultural production to produce commodities that can be exported but the comparative agricultural advantage of the region is no greater than many others water certainly does not attract the interest of the global community along with their international corporations in the way that oil does these global players are only aware of water in the middle east and north africa because disputes over scarce water would insert an additional source of political instability into a region already partially destabilized by political and religious conflicts numberwater and oil are natural resources that differ significantly in another important way most oil sites in the middle east north africa and other parts of the world are located within the borders of a particular country this makes it relatively easy to establish the ownership of oil resources conversely over number percent of the water in the middle east and north africa crosses international borders as surface flows such as rivers for example over number percent of egypt water resources flow from other countries shared surface water is critical to national economies especially where there is little water below the ground which could be utilized by pumping the fear of any downstream country is that a neighbor upstream will exploit increasing amounts of water leaving less to share egypt is very anxious in this regard although it has not suffered any diminishment of flow except that which it mutually agreed with its immediate neighbor the sudan in the number nile waters agreement other countries have not been so lucky syria and iraq have actually endured a dramatic reduction of almost number percent in the average flow of the euphrates since the numbers they are anticipating additional reductions in the flow of the tigris number fortunately in the past decade agreements over water have been made such as the jordan israel agreement of number and the plo israel interim agreement of number these agreements do not define true ownership nonetheless they do provide an adequate arrangement for naturally fluctuating water resources the agreements provide guidelines about how water should be allocated and managed within discrete territories the agreements help to satisfy national honor and they enable the secure and sustainable growth of the respective economies numberas useful as such water agreements are the impossibility of precisely defining ownership of water means that occasionally stressful water politics in the middle east and north africa are inevitable they will remain stressful until all the economies of the region have attained advanced levels of socio economic development in such diverse economies water resources are only one of many minor factors of production rather than the major economic input when water is a major factor in production in the economy such as in agriculture its role in the livelihoods of a majority of a country people is direct and obvious the significance of that water in terms of international relations makes water scarcity an easy focus for national and community anxiety in this region there is sufficient water to provide for industrial and domestic needs but not enough to meet regional food production needs numberone way around such a water deficiency is to import the commodities that require large amounts of water to produce for example about number number tons of water are required to produce a ton of wheat when an economy imports a ton of wheat it is in effect importing number number tons of virtual water the middle east and north africa region was annually importing about number million tons of grain and flour by the end of the numbers as a supplement to domestic production about number billion tons of water would be required to produce this volume of grain such a volume reflects about number percent of the region annual water use and is equivalent to the water used each year by egypt in its agricultural sector engineers could not consider transporting so much water but those involved in the international grain trade are capable of accepting the challenge there is a very clear relationship linking water food and trade which is of major strategic significance to grain importing economies in arid and semi arid regions virtual water has since the early numbers ensured the economic stability of this major arid region in the world future economic stability here will depend on its capacity to sustain this trade in virtual water numberimporting water intensive commodities is so effective that the substantial water deficit is not particularly noticeable to the number million people living in the middle east and north africa it is not a political issue at the domestic level or the international level except where governments choose to make it one with political stress over water being so easily managed at the level of the whole economy it should not be surprising that there has been so little armed conflict over water more importantly the region has been free of armed conflict over water since the early numbers with further water agreements clarification of existing agreements and continued trade in virtual water there is reason to hope that nations can continue to avoid conflicts over water in the future adapted from allen t avoiding war over natural resources available at http www icrc org web eng siteengnumber nsf iwplistnumberanumberecnumberacanumber accessed november number number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are two fundamental differences between oil and water in relation to trade number what is virtual water number identify some advantages and disadvantages of thinking in terms of virtual natural resources number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer number gold sugar and petroleum are some of the commodities commonly traded on the open market many people are uncomfortable with the idea of for profit hospitals because they do not like to think of medical care as a market commodity like soft drinks or cars a something that you b a product that is c the best example of work hard to attain bought and sold something number aerobic exercise trains the body to utilize oxygen more efficiently most modern coal fired boilers utilize coal which has been ground down to fine particle sizes a to use something for b to refuse to do something c to abandon something a particular purpose or someone number participants in extreme sports need to be aware of the risks involved the prime minister was aware of the decline in his popularity a realizing that something exists b denying a situation c uninformed number surgeons must have precise control of their movements when operating on patients contracts are normally written using precise legal terminology to avoid any uncertainty as to the responsibilities of the parties signing the agreement a unknown b approximate c exact number the job of the police is ensure that the law is obeyed the priority of the hotel staff was to ensure the guests maximum enjoyment a to delay b to make sure something c to ask that something will happen is done number after the document was leaked to the newspapers the government was forced to clarify its position on the defense issue the speaker could see that the audience did not understand her statement so she was forced to go back and clarify the point a to become angry b to forget c to make clear number to make writing the research paper easier the teacher broke it down into a series of discrete steps and set clear deadlines for the completion of each one job analysis breaks a job down into discrete tasks to more clearly show all the various activities a worker may perform a clearly separate b difficult c serious in nature number the height of ocean tides fluctuates according to the positions of the sun and the moon the prices of agricultural products fluctuate depending on supply and demand a to change often particularly b to destroy something c to understand from high to low levels and completely something completely back number the cost of transporting produce to market must be added to the final cost to consumers the st lawrence seaway provided early industrialists along the great lakes with a means of transporting their commodities to the east coast a the process of taking b the process of treating c the process of making something from one something in a bad manner something shine brightly place to another number the manual included directions on how to insert additional memory cards onto the computer motherboard the lawyer inserted a clause into the contact which required the previous owners of the house to pay for repairing any hidden damage a to keep out of b to stay away from c to put in number diamonds copper nickel and beef are the major commodities that botswana exports to other countries the total ban on exports of ivory has helped stop the decline of the elephant population in africa a to sell goods to b to buy goods from c to exchange goods another country another country with another country number some economists believe that the private sector is more flexible and responsive than the public sector and therefore able to offer services more inexpensively the decline in the manufacturing sector has been offset by the growth of the service sector a a specific kind of b an area of activity specially c the process of business of business or trade getting better number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of the word across parts of speech write the meaning of each target word in your own words number closed circuit tv cameras have been installed in many downtown areas to provide a more secure environment for the general public data encryption provides a secure way of transmitting data over the internet secure number sand dunes in the egyptian sand sea can attain a height of number meters number feet an internal combustion engine must attain a high rate of revolution rpm in order to produce maximum power output attain number the negotiations started positively but the momentum was difficult to sustain and the talks broke down within the week good managers aim to provide their employees with good working conditions and levels of pay high enough to sustain their motivation sustain number the owner left the company in the capable hands of his son when he retired pigeons are capable of finding their way home even if released number miles away capable number after a long period of disagreement the two parties were able to work out a mutually beneficial solution to their problem referees communicate with their players spectators and colleagues via mutually agreed upon signals mutually number lillehammer norway was the site of the number winter olympics in number a new globe theatre was opened on the site of the original theater where shakespeare plays were first performed site number although suntan lotions can help prevent the skin from burning most do not provide adequate protection from ultraviolet radiation many people feel that the warren commission failed to provide an adequate explanation of the assassination of john f kennedy adequate number western petroleum companies are working with local companies to exploit the opportunities for oil production around the caspian sea developing countries need to find ways to exploit their natural resources for the good of their own people exploit number one key to good management is anticipating potential problems before they occur if investors anticipate a decline in the stock market they will sell stocks and invest in bonds anticipate number in hunting and gathering societies plants were only intended to be a supplement to a meat based diet social security is intended to be a supplement to the savings of retirees rather than their sole source of income supplement number infrared satellite photography from space enables scientists to track changes to the earth environment such as the destruction of the rainforests antibiotics enable the body to resist disease and infection enable word tip nonetheless and nevertheless are both sentence adverbs that mean in spite of what you have just mentioned usually synonyms have some distinguishing features but nonetheless and nevertheless both have a formal tone and are used interchangeably the only difference is that nevertheless appears to be used three times more frequently than nonetheless b word families in the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used read each sentence carefully and decide whether the correct form has been used or not pay careful attention to the position of the word in the sentence put x next to sentences in which the wrong form has been used draw a line through any incorrect form and write the correct form above it number homeowners can improve the secure in their own areas by participating in neighborhood watch programs number after the phenomenal success of the first harry potter book readers looked forward to the subsequent books in the series with great anticipate number the two main languages of belgium are discrete as they stem from separate ethnic backgrounds walloon from the celts and flemish from the franks number during the height of the cold war both the united states and the soviet union had the capable to destroy each other number neil armstrong was forced to quickly identify a safe landing place for his lunar lander when the original landing site proved to be filled with large rocks number second language learners have the advantage of already knowing their first language thus having some general aware of how languages work number cloning is achieved by the insert of parent dna into a host cell number air traffic controllers must ensure adequate separation between the aircraft flying in a particular airspace number careful conservation and utilize of water must be a key part of any water management plan number a sustained rally of prices in the financial sector led to a number point rise in the dow jones stock market index c collocation match each target word in the box with the group of words that regularly occur with it in all cases the target words come before the word on the list fluctuating clarify sustain ensure mutual commodity precise supplementary attain exploit number number number number number objectives position prices safety opportunities status point production success resources goal situation market compliance technology salvation issue exchange standards potential number number number number number fund nature budget life prices respect moment material growth numbers support details information interest temperature friend location income momentum currencies number expansion a the use of natural resources is not cost free there are always consequences often in terms of environmental cost sometimes these consequences affect other nations and this may lead to the possibility of international conflict over the use of natural resources read the scenarios that follow each involves a conflict over natural resources and some are based on actual situations rate them in order of how likely they are to cause serious conflict between the countries and make a check in that box scenario is likely to lead to armed conflict may lead to conflict but probably can be negotiated unlikely to lead to armed conflict number a country builds a dam and does not allow an adequate amount of river water to flow to a downstream neighbor number diamonds are smuggled from one country to another and are used to finance a revolutionary army in the second country the first country is aware of the smuggling and is capable of stopping it but does nothing number one country relies almost totally on coffee for its export income and the adjacent country makes a big push to increase its own coffee production and exports number a petroleum reserve is discovered crossing the shared border of two countries one country immediately begins to exploit this resource and may nearly pump the reserve dry before the other can gear up to begin production number a country attains prosperity by utilizing its large coal resources to produce inexpensive electricity however the pollution from its power plants is blown by the wind onto its neighbor where it poisons the lakes and rivers number a country builds a dam across a large river but this disrupts fish returning to an upstream country whose agricultural sector relies heavily on fishing number the harvest of wood in a high mountainous country results in rain flowing directly down the rivers to a lower country which sustains heavy losses through persistent flooding number poor farming practices in an upstream country enable sediment to flow down rivers to a downstream country where it clogs that country ports and harbours effectively crippling its transportation system b with a classmate choose one or two of the above situations and discuss how you would try to negotiate an agreement between the countries involved what are the some of the key issues what compromises would you suggest to the countries c identify a genuine international conflict over natural resources write a historical essay in which you describe the development of that conflict unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary pronunciation the english language has a history of borrowing words from other languages most notably latin greek and french in addition the old english includes words from scandinavian and germanic languages english continues to borrow new words from other languages and to invent new words based on the patterns of existing words what this means for you as a language learner is that it is not always possible to guess the pronunciation of new words your dictionary can help you determine how to pronounce new words all dictionaries provide pronunciation information next to each word entry the pronunciation of words is given using the phonetic alphabet this alphabet allows you to see the shape of words according to how they are pronounced most dictionaries include an explanation of the phonetic alphabet in the introduction or in an appendix to the dictionary the chart on the next page is the pronunciation table from the longman advanced american dictionary in order to make effective use of your dictionary when learning to use new words productively it is important to become familiar with the phonetic alphabet in the exercise on page number and number match the standard spellings of the words with their phonetic spellings insert pronunciation table here avnumber b in a insert laad pronunciation table page number in laad as indicated in text number adequate a number adjacent b number chemical c number cite d number federal e number fluctuate f number prohibitive g number proportion h number region i number regulate j number strategy vocabulary learning from reading reading can enhance vocabulary learning but it is important that you choose reading texts at the appropriate level if a reading passage includes too many unknown words you will need to interrupt your reading frequently to either guess the unknown words or look them up in your dictionary this makes reading for meaning difficult normally if more than one word in twenty is unknown reading will be difficult the two texts below illustrate what it is like to read a text where number and number of the words are unknown how easy is it to understand the passage when number of the words are unknown number are you able to guess the unknown words from the remaining context what percentage of unknown vocabulary are you comfortable with number deleted there is plenty of evidence that learners can acquire vocabulary from reading only in one learners read an english novel that uses russian words since the learners did not speak russian the only way of learning these words was from context the researchers found that on average number of the ninety russian words tested were known even though the vocabulary test was unexpected however most other studies show that the vocabulary from reading is really rather small and it is only through numerous repeated exposures from a great deal of reading that any number of words are learned number deleted this means that the odd reading may not have much of an effect on learning vocabulary learning can be somewhat by making certain words such as by them clearly in book but what is really needed is reading where reading is both and takes place over a of time students can take advantage of a wide variety of texts but for beginning students readers probably give the best to this amount of input to develop vocabulary through reading choose texts where the number of unknown words is at a comfortable level this will enable you to enjoy the text and encourage you to read more number word knowledge academic words in phrases in the collocation sections of this book we have seen how words often have form regular partnerships collocation does not however apply only to pairs of words often academic words are a part of longer phrases which are used to express particular meanings look at the phrases in the following sentences where the academic word is in bold and the larger phrase is in italics immigrants now comprise a substantial proportion of the los angeles population a good way to minimize the risk of catching a cold is to watch your hands often the cut in interest rates may not be enough to sustain economic growth having talent is no guarantee of success in the music business one must also have a good manager the following box contains phrases which form around academic words from unit number read the sentences and write the appropriate phrase from the box in the blanks the first one has been done for you a the precise nature of the e in the following extract b the ultimate goal of f to secure the future of the c forced to abandon its plan g the inevitable consequence of d are not mutually exclusive h highlight the need for number in the following extract from his new book the author describes a new technique for removing salt from seawater number the increase in food poisoning cases closer supervision of food processing facilities number given the lack of funds the university was to build a new sports hall number the increase in house prices was the shortage of available homes number getting people back to work is of any welfare system number the development of composite materials has proven that strength and lightweight number the apollo lunar landings allowed scientists to determine moon surface number the government tried country aerospace industry by contracting to buy number of the new fighter aircraft unit number chapter number food and people number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what foods would do you consider typical of your culture are these the same foods that can be found in ethnic restaurants representing your culture outside your country e g chinese or mexican restaurants in the usa if so why if not why not what is the strangest food you have ever eaten number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words assemble denote investment quote assure domain license reluctance collapse explicit mature specify constraint framework migrate subordinate constructed implication notion subsidy core inclination oddness validity number reading the following passage comes from a specialist text on the sociology of food it highlights the links between food and culture as you read the following passage pay special attention to the words in bold the social aspects of food food and place regional specialties number there are regional geographies of food production food marketing and food preparation in which place and space play an important role comparative advantages of climate and soil coupled with historical traditions based upon particular skills or trade patterns assure that the products of particular places will be given market dominance we can recognize four variations of such food place associations number first there are highly specialized production regions some of which are of relatively recent origin as a result of intensive capital investment and sometimes government subsidy for example in america there is a concentration of cranberry cultivation in wisconsin and in australia there are vineyards in the barossa valley number second there are foods which may have originated with a traditional recipe in a particular place but which over time have become generic food products new england clam chowder black forest gateau and yorkshire pudding are such foods now universally known and manufactured without explicit reference to their places of origin other than in the name number in the third category we might include foods that have maintained strong links with particular regions in terms of production quality control and identity one thinks here of florida orange juice and many types of continental cheeses but the best example is probably the legal framework of apellations controllees in france which over decades has protected and licensed individual varieties of wine and which has effectively frozen the map of wine regions number the fourth category is the regional cuisine that depends upon its distinctive ingredients the style and skill of cooking and the high quality and palatability of the resulting dishes for instance mexican french southern chinese cantonese and south indian cooking this type of regional cuisine has migrated to many lands in the form of the restaurants of immigrant cooks who assemble regional dishes into a representative selection from their country of origin food and culture number there has been a tradition of seeing human behaviors e g food habits as within the domain of regionalized cultures an example of this is the traditional dishes of the alsace lorraine region it seems that certain foods characterized the french and german speaking peoples to the west and east respectively of the linguistic frontier in the francophone region red cabbage is used in salad soup is consumed in the evening and a regional cheese cancoillotte is typical in german alsace red cabbage is cooked as a vegetable soup is a midday item and typical foods are naveline turnips fermented like sauerkraut and onion tart the implication is that culinary preferences reflect more than individual taste they reflect a wider culture as well number food is the focus of many of our festivals both the regularly occurring events such as those denoting yearly religious celebrations and occasional events such as weddings and funerals the festival may only be annual as with the roast turkey dressing and pumpkin pies of the american celebration of thanksgiving but it is culturally important and even people who find themselves halfway around the world have a strong inclination to continue observing these social traditions number most cultures have time honored food habits and meal patterns but these are starting to change under the pressure of modern life time has become such a constraint for busy people that the leisured cooking of complex recipes is now less of an option than it was only a few decades ago and meals of a predictable composition served at set times have also declined moreover there have been powerful shifts in family structure with the growth in single person households undermining traditional collective meals as a result it seems that both the family and the family meal have been subordinated to other interests with one survey finding that two thirds of evening meals in britain are now consumed in front of the television food avoidances and taboos the yuk factor number neophobia is a dislike of the new and in the case of food this newness or oddness may be manifested in its taste odor or appearance young children are especially prone to the rejection of food for this reason but adults may also show a reluctance to try novel foods or dishes that seem to lie beyond the limits of their socially constructed taste but it is not only new foods which are avoided number in its raw state much of the food that we eat is highly perishable and potentially dangerous if it is allowed to become contaminated or to decay even delicious food is only a few hours or days away from collapsing into rotten unhealthy matter as a result disgust is never too far away from the enjoyment of food and eating scholars suggest that such revulsion may be classified into core disgust very bitter tastes certain animals and insects and animal nature disgust poor hygiene contact with death but they also find that there are remarkable degrees of cultural variations in disgust responses this is because our behavior is affected by our conception of the polluting power of unclean foods which may originate from a religious taboo or from a disgust generated by custom many britons may abhor the notion of eating horseflesh snails or dog meat but some of their traditional foods such as black pudding dried blood tripe cow stomach and mature cheese veined with blue mold are equally nauseating for others number archaeologists have been able to reconstruct the spatial extent of taboos on the consumption of foods like chicken horseflesh camel dog and fish they have also been able to specify how long standing economic cultural practice can influence human genetics the best example of this is the correlation between the traditional areas of dairying and lactose tolerance the incidence of a reduction of lactase the enzyme in the body that helps us to absorb milk sugar or lactose after infancy is associated with areas of the old world where milking did not take place this suggests that cattle herders elsewhere gradually became adapted genetically to the nutritional bounty that their female livestock supplied number food behavior research appears to uphold the validity of the following quote from george orwell it could plausibly be argued that changes of diet are more important than changes of dynasty or religion adapted from p atkins and i bowler food in society number arnold press pp number number number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are the four variations of food place associations number how is food linked to important cultural events in your country how is it linked to more common everyday cultural practices number what is the yuk factor what are the two explanations for it number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words on the left with their definitions on the right if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pp number then check your dictionary set number number subordinate a to go to another area or country usually to work or live number quote b the desire to do something number license c the state of being real true or based on facts number notion d to put someone or something in a less important position number inclination e to give official permission for someone to do something or number migrate for an activity to take place number validity f an idea or belief or opinion about something especially one that you think is wrong g words from a book or speech that you repeat exactly in your own speech or piece of writing set number number mature a unwillingness or slowness number implication b to state something in an exact and detailed way number reluctance c the strangeness or difference from what is expected number oddness d the money that people or organizations have put into a number specify company or business in order to get a profit number domain e a strong taste that has developed over a long period of time number investment f the range of things that are included in a particular subject type of art or activity g something that is not directly said or shown but that is suggested or understood number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym for the numbered word cross it out number collapse fall down number denote stand for cave in reject split represent give way symbolize number core main number assure prevent primary guarantee central make certain principle ensure number framework skeleton number subsidy funding structure grant contract assistance support colleague number constraint limitation number assemble assist puzzle bring together restraint collect restriction accumulate number explicit unconscious number constructed formed precise created exact limited specific structured word tip when you read academic papers and when you write your own you will see that the authors create links between their own ideas and those of others who have written or spoken on the same topic these references to other writers can appear in three ways quotes or quotations use the exact words of the original author and will be surrounded by punctuation marks there has been a tradition of seeing human behaviors e g food habits as within the domain regionalized cultures atkins and bowler number p number a paraphrase reports the ideas of the original writer but expresses them using different wording normally human activity or behavior is categorized according to regional customs this is also true of culinary culture atkins and bowler number a summary takes a larger section of text from the original author e g a whole chapter or a whole book and reports it in a few sentences b word families number the table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the rest of the table x indicates that there is not a form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table noun verb adjective adverb assurance assure assured assuredly number number constructed x x explicit inclination x number number mature x number number oddness x number quote number quote x number number subordinate x subsidy x number validity number number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide number a the long jumper had an assured place on the olympic team so did not need to compete in the indoor tournament b any quality program for schools should make certain that money is spent effectively on learning goals number a the poorly designed and constructed apartment blocks are a danger to residents b the psychologist piaget believed that children must the universe of objects through experience number a speech is often accompanied by gestures and words like this and that whereas writing normally requires greater linguistic explicitness b many widely supported objectives for schooling such as personal and social skills are not recognized in assessment procedures number a the referee showed little inclination to penalize players for minor fouls b scandinavian citizens are more than americans to pay high taxes for comprehensive social services number a young chicken is tender and the meat is juicy but it may lack the flavor of mature poultry b brewers leave beer for number or number weeks to in casks number a in the numbers and numbers an imported car was something of an oddity but by the numbers one quarter of all cars sold in the u s were imports b some might say that matisse paintings include an mixture of color and perspective number a the average quote from a presidential candidate on network tv lasted number seconds in number b john f kennedy most famous is engraved on his memorial at arlington national cemetery number a in multi lingual societies the subordinate languages may not always be formally taught in school b the of strategic planning to day to day decision making can lead to poor organizational performance number a the government uses tax credits and deductions to help subsidize college education b the provision of day care facilities can help mothers re enter the workforce number a although the validity of crime statistics is often questioned they nevertheless provide an important basis for people beliefs about crime b one of the best ways to the results of a scientific study is to repeat the study again and see if the second set of results matches the first c collocation each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners number scientists now understand the causes of earthquakes but they still cannot specify precisely when one will occur typically the terms of a grant to support research will specify precisely how the money can be spent global position satellite gps navigation systems can now specify precisely where an airplane ship or car is located number medical developments in fertility treatments are forcing society to re examine our core beliefs about family views on taxation welfare and government regulation are at the heart of the core beliefs that differentiate the republican and democratic parties the performance of a company depends on building up a set of core beliefs which will guide decision making especially in times of change or difficulty number software falls into four categories freeware shareware public domain and commercial some public figures support privacy laws that would prevent newspapers and magazines from releasing details of their personal lives into the public domain one role of investigative journalism is to bring into the public domain subjects which up to now have been hidden from view number one aim of the international space station is to establish a framework for cooperative exploration of space the goal of the meeting was to establish a framework upon which future cooperation between the two institutions could be built the report will summarize past research into the development of adult literacy and establish a framework for further research in this area number public service advertisements encouraging recycling aim to reinforce the notion that taking care of the environment is everyone responsibility focusing attention only on working mothers reinforces the notion that only women experience problems with work family balance the amounts of money spent on political campaigns in the u s reinforce the notion that only the rich can be successful in politics number any money spent on the education and welfare of children is a sound investment in the country future time spent on thorough market research is a sound investment in the future success of the any new product beginning a retirement fund early in your working career is a sound investment towards ensuring that your later years will be free from worries about money number the country hovered on the brink of collapse for two decades because of ethnic in fighting the company managers were laboring under a mountain of debt and the company stock prices were on the brink of collapse the negotiations between the unions and employers were again on the brink of collapse number the practical implication of the shortage of unskilled labor is that immigration is necessary the practical implication of the factory shutting down will be the closure of a number of related local suppliers the practical implication of declining birth rates is that in the not too distant future there will be a decline in demand for school places number overcrowding at the world major airports imposes constraints on growth in the airline industry peer pressure imposes constraints on an individual freedom of choice inheritance tax laws impose constraints on how parents can distribute their belongings to their children in their wills number police are often reluctant to get involved in disputes between family members new employees may be reluctant to get involved in arguments over working conditions for fear of being bran ded troublemakers the company was reluctant to get involved in the new business venture until further market research had been carried out number expansion a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partner number lack of investment in the arts is the reason for the poor quality of television programming number free and open migration between countries should not be limited by quotas which restrict the number of new immigrants to a country number young people should not be able to apply for a driver license until they have reached at least number years of age number the ability to assemble and inspire effective teams is a more important quality for managers than technical knowledge number it is still true to say that politics is largely a male domain number job advertisements which use age as a criteria to denote ability to carry out the duties of a job are discriminatory number the whole notion of democracy must be questioned when fewer than number of the citizens of a democratic nation fail to participate in elections number the implication behind falling birth rates in developed countries is that economic development leads to a less family oriented lifestyle number ethical and moral fear are placing unnecessary constraints on the advance of genetic science number local dialects and accents are as valid a means of communication as socalled standard versions of a language e g standard english b now choose one of the above topics and write a short essay expressing your views be sure to provide support for your opinions family members socialization and consumption consuming power the family as consumer unit number chapter number getting back to nature number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what is your perspective of farming have you ever been on a farm what is the difference between organic food and other food you might buy in a store do you tend to buy any organic food why or why not number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words advocate ethics legislation philosophy bias external levy portion bulk finite margin practitioneral coincide forthcoming ministry prioritize compatibleption infrastructures orient norms qualitativelyd contraryies integration output refine number reading the following passage comes from a specialist text on organic farming and makes an argument in favor of organic farming practices replacing traditional farming methods as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold organic farming number agriculture today is finding itself in increasing difficulties it is being assailed on so many sides that it hardly knows which way to turn the environmental lobby complains about pollution from pesticides fertilizers and livestock waste and about the rape of the countryside the health conscious are worried about the residues in their diet and the tastelessness of food and the anti marketeers point accusingly at the surpluses arising from current agricultural policy all this coincides based around larger farming estateswith current perceptions that the great technological advances of recent years are causing rather than alleviating the terrible famines of the third world farmers are desperate as their profit margins are squeezed and the policies which they are told to follow are continually being reversed number where is the way out of this predicament will any of the suggestions advocatedbeing considered by the authorities ever get to the root of the problem tax on the nitrogen used in fertilizers crop quotas levies more pesticide legislation provision in the farm subsidy framework for environmentally sound practices however beneficial these proposals may be in themselves they merely tackle the symptoms of our problems number there is however one solution that is qualitatively differentcuts a totally different path it addresses all the problems currently facing agriculture and so far it is performing well it is organic agriculture number farming is a way of life but organic agriculture is more it is also a philosophy of life in order to appreciate the tenets of organic agriculture you have to look behind its practical principles to this philosophy some people call it a holistic philosophy as it prioritizesis concerned with the wholeness the interconnectedness of life the ethics of organic agriculture stem from this and the practices follow on naturally an organic approach to farming is therefore something that extends far beyond the farm gate just as the effects of our actions do principles of organic agriculture number organic agriculture aims to be in harmony rather than in conflict with natural systems this idea pervades all aspects of a farm from how pests and diseases are controlled through the treatment of livestock and the integration of the farm with the natural environment to marketing labor relations and health the powers of nature are harnessed and developed to their fullest extent rather than dominated numberpractitioners of organic agriculture adopt an approach that minimizes the use of non renewable forms of energy chemical fertilizers and pesticides are either synthesized from oil or require large amounts of oil to extract and process them it seems extraordinary that food production the only method we have of actually producing energy or rather of tapping the sun abundant energy has itself developed into a bulk prodigious net user of energy it is even more extraordinary that one suggested solution to the overproduction problem of overproduction is to produce crops that can be turned into energy such as ethanol number organic food aims to be of optimum nutritional value varieties and methods of production are geared to this end so too is processing for having produced such quality food no organic farmer wants to see it degraded purified refined and processed like white bread which needs additives to replace what is taken out in processing the modern food industry is oriented towardsgeared to its own interests a food storage life impact on consumers and profitability and not to those of the consumer which include nutritional value health and safety number the organic world strives to be localized local markets minimal transportation infrastructure and decentralized systems of distribution and processing infrastructures are sought an old and much respected organic farmer tells the story of one time when he was visiting his local agricultural college he got stuck in its rather narrow drive behind a truck bringing potatoes to the college kitchens it had met and could not pass another truck coming the other way which was taking potatoes from the college farm to market our present system may be profitable for some but it cannot be said to be efficient in a wider context number organic agriculture does not use artificial fertilizers or chemical pesticides it is not however a low input system contrary to popular opinion these two statements are not at variance with each other organic may be a low external input system but more importantly it is also an optimum internal input system it may not be the most efficient in terms of output per acre or per man but it is certainly the most efficient in terms of output per unit of input in a finite world such as we have this is important number organic agriculture does not pollute the environment residual poisons that stay in circulation to the detriment of other living things including mankind are not used the waste products of conventional agriculture that are so much of a problem in the current farming world are actually compatible with not wastes to organic agriculture rather tthey are the foundation upon which sound agricultural practices are based for they return to the soil that which has been taken out number there is a research bias in favor of conventional farming with very little research being carried out on organic farming nevertheless organic agriculture is emerging as a credible and entirely possible way of farming imagine wwhat it could be achieved if government ministriesministries instituted and funded even a portion fraction of the research and development that conventional agriculture currently receives at least organic farming is beginning to be formally recognized in europe an euc regulation has now defined for the first time officially organic agriculture and the control procedures required for food to be sold as organic the european unioneec has also specified organic farming as eligible for funding within its agri environment program we can be sure that additional legislation on other aspects of organic farming will be forthcoming as well thus the foundations are beginning to emerge for organic farming to start making a significant contribution to solving the current agricultural crisis adapted from f blake organic farming and growing number the crowood press pp number number words who buys what how the family influences what you buy understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are some of the pressures agriculture is now under number what is the point of the story told by the old organic farmer in paragraph number number organically grown food is more expensive and not always better tasting than conventionally farmed food are you willing to sacrifice both money and flavor for the environment why or why not device method way precision vocabulary or multiple meanings vocabulary activation dispose of throw away multiword verbs copied from chapter number from this point number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading more than one the first one is done for you note for some words two different smay be are if so ww number margin number a the difference in the number of votes or points between winners and losers b the difference between what a business pays for something and what they sell it for number philosophy number a the study of what it means to exist what good and evil are what knowledge is b a set of beliefs that someone has about how they live their life do their job etc number integration number a the combination of two or more things so that they work together effectively b the acceptance of someone or something into a group or society number practitioner number a someone who does a particular job an insolvency practitioner a bankruptcy lawyer b someone who follows the rules of a particular religion or philosophy a practitioner of taoist philosophy a number rangerefined number a made pure through an industrial process a number of different things of the same general type b the distance from which something can be seen or heardwell made and of high qualitythe area to within which something is limited number orient number a to have as its main purpose or area of interest b to position something in a particular direction number contrary number a used to show that something is true even though people believe or think the opposite b someone who is contrary deliberately does things differently from the way other people do them or from the way people expect number external number a coming from outside something such as an organization group or business b relating to foreign countries number bias number a an opinion about whether a person group idea is good or bad that influences how you deal with it b a natural skill or interest in one particular area number ministry number a the profession of being a church leader especially the protestant church b a government department in some countries number portion number a a part of something larger b an amount of food for one person especially when served in restaurant the fact of being clearly different from something else modeattitudesystem of arranging notes in musicway of feeling or thinking about someone or something b a posi b tion of the human body he adopted a threatening attitude a particular way of behaving or doing somethinga particular way a machine operatesthe position of an airplane or shipencounteracquireto get something by buying taking or being given it experience problems or difficulties when you try to do something encounter physical difficulties an occasion when you meet someone or something usually unexpectedly to gain knowledge or skill by learningto begin to like somethinga dangerous meeting between two people or groups a violent encounter with the police disposestyle to defeat an opponenthigh quality skill or grace in performance manner social behavior or appearance he has a great style when he dances to deal with someone or something that is normally problematica general manner of doing something which is typical or representative of a person or group a time in history etc a modern style of architecture to get rid of somethingfashion especially in clothes foundationprocess a particular system or treatment of materials used especially in producing goods an advanced industrial process an organization that gives money to charitya connected set of human actions or operations that are performed intentionally to reach a particular result the process of learning to read a principle idea or belief on which other ideas are baseda connected set of natural actions or events that producea layer of concrete or bricks which form the solid underground base of a buildingcontinuation or gradual change and over which humans have little control the ageing process by which people grow o initiatemediao cause something to beginhe material which an artist uses e g oil paint watercolor or pencilto admit someone to membership of a group usually with a special ceremonythe newspapers television and radiothe material on which data is stored e g floppy disk cd rom tape storage media to introduce someone to a special new skill or activity devicesignificantway of making something happen or of making someone do somethingresult that a researcher can be confident in because statistics have shown it to be reliable the result of the comparison was statistically significant a bombhaving a special meaning indirectly expressed a significant smile a machine or piece of equipment that has been made for a particular purposeof noticeable importance effect or influence soleconflictthe only onedisagreement or argument between people or groups the bottom part of a foot or shoesituation where two or more things have difficulty existing together the conflict between religion and science a kind of fishwar or battle struggle armed conflict einforceigidso make a building structure or object stronger by adding additional materials to itiff or unmoving a physical property to strengthen or emphasize a feeling idea or habitunwilling to changeto make a group of people especially an army stronger by adding people equipment etc strict or difficult to change rigid rules apleionthea collection of things from which one can choose a store with a wide selection of cheeses direction in which a window room or door face s number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box the first one is done for you advocate qualitatively prioritize bulk levy coincided infrastructure output legislation finite compatible ethics number although organic food is growing in popularity the of food available on supermarket shelves has been farmed intensively greater part largest part apparentseeming to be real but not necessarily so easily seen or understood number the government placed a pollution on the purchase of all new sports utility vehicles tax charge equal to or having the same value number the numbers was a period of social unrest as growing unease with the war in vietnam with protests in support of the civil rights movement happened at the same time overlapped number doctors must follow a medical code of principles beliefs number newspaper editors can one story over another simply by making changes to the size of the headline or where the article is placed in the newspaper make something one main concern give importance to conformto obey or behave in a way that agrees with establish rules or ideas number parent teacher associations that parent commit to being actively involved in their children schooling support promote being the strongest most noticeable or important number the politician changed parties because his views on key issues such as health care and defense spending were no longer with the mainstream of the party well matched like minded to another number the country lost its bid to host the olympics because the international olympic committee felt that their transportation was not up to standard basics systems organization ethnic number opec the organization of petroleum exporting countries manages the and sale of middle eastern oil production affectyield number the earth natural resources are so they must be used wisely fixed limited to continue to exist number c the government introduced new reducing speed limits in residential areas and raising the level of fines for those caught speeding laws statutes varyofficially give someone something number the reunification of east and west germany has resulted in a improvement in the standard of living for many citizens of the east quality related meaningful to be different have qualities that are not the same as each otherto keep a record of something word tip the word forthcoming has three meanings depending on its position in a sentence note that these meaning position relationships are typical but there are exceptions number before a noun happening or coming soon she has a part in a forthcoming movie number not before a noun given or offered when needed if more money is not forthcoming the theater will have to close number not before a noun be willing to give information about something numberabout the charity has been very forthcoming about its finances providing all necessary documentation mainly refers to a sociological distinction gender affects the total salary one will receive in their lifetime while sex normally refers to a biological distinction between male and female scientific and technological advances allow expectant parents to find out the sex of their baby before it is born b word families number most of the words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective verb and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below word families table nouns verbs adjectives adverbs nouns verbs adjectives adverbs noun verb adjective adverb number advocate number advocacyx xadvocate xapparent x apparently compatibility x compatible x conformity conformist conformancexs externalizeconform xexternal externally ethics x ethical ethically ethnicitylevy levy x x rigiditynumber ministry number minister x rigidministerial rigidlyministerially orientationsignificance orient x orientedsignificant x significantly number stylephilosophy number philosopher philosophizestylize philosophicalstylish stylized stylishlyphilosophically priority prioritize priority x refinement refine refined x nouns verbs adjectives adverbs number identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank write the part of speech below the line use the word families table above to help you number although william morris is now best known as a designer of home furnishings he was also an important advocate of socialism number blood tests are required when applying for a marriage license in order to test the compatible of the couple blood types should they wish to have children number in a company managerial structure the position and authority of subordinates must be clear both internally to staff members and external to clients ecently acquire number the unlocking of the human genome has lead to moral ethics and social dilemmas regarding the extent to which that knowledge should be applied number in a parliamentary system of government ministry duties are assumed by select members of parliament who also form the prime minister cabinet number the adult education program links a training employability approach together with an educational orient number there are both philosophy and ethical arguments surrounding the care of the mentally ill and who is responsible for them number caring jobs attract people who place a high prioritize on relationships number the professor gathered qualitatively data on the participants in the study by interviewing them individually and eliciting their personal opinions number the united nations is a relatively successful refine of the previously unsuccessful league of nations c collocation each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose which of the three collocations from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence number a because of allegations of gender bias against the interview panel the whole interview process had to be repeated b class bias is considered to be a much bigger problem in britain than in the us however there is plenty of evidence that it exists on both sides of the atlantic c the perceived political bias of the news media does not prevent readers from rating newspapers and television as useful d when designing a test of ability it is important to avoid by ensuring that the questions do not favor either males or females number a now that the restaurant was part of a larger chain it was able to benefit from the bulk discounts available to those buying in large quantities b the national library of scotland provides a bulk supply of maps to local and school libraries for use in their resource centers c the supermarket promoted the new laundry soap by setting up a bulk display at the end of one aisle d customers who purchase more than number computers at a time may request a number a at the environmental summit meeting pressure was placed on developing countries to adopt policies that are contrary to their own interests b contrary to popular belief the preference for boy children over girls is not universal across continents time or social class c contrary to expectations the number of influenza sufferers was lower in january than in december d pigs can swim number a a hospital finite resources may be overly stretched during the flu season b the earth offers only a finite space for both human civilization and animal habitats c the ancient chinese believed that we are born with a finite amount of energy circulation in our bodies called chi d a pension will only provide a of income in retirement years so it is important to consider additional ways of saving for the future number a the club newsletter publishes a list of forthcoming events on the last page b the leader of the green party announced that he would not run in the forthcoming elections c the secretary of state forthcoming tour of south america is not expected to be met with the same number of protests as his recent tour of europe d an opinion poll carried out by a national newspaper indicates that the prime minister party will have difficulty retaining a majority in the the idea of consumer choice has progressed with so much intensity that retailers are forced to offer an astonishing selection of goods for shoppers to choose from companies which carry out political polls must make a selection of people to question who represent the wider population the menu of the five star restaurant included aa was offered by the five star restaurant start here public anger with the plan will force a more the constitution serves cas the foundation ritical evaluation oor us law future projects the first two years of a liberal arts degree are meant to provide a only a neutral person can give a truly objecsolid educational foundationtive evaluationfor one major area of studyof a situation the watergate scandal and resignation of the president shook the foundationsrealistic evaluation the american government the options allows a clear decision on whether to proceed or not parents becau beliefs and valuessenormally previous reports were overoptimistic the manager asked a specialist to provide a for their children outlook on lifeof the company sales potential in the new yearthe concept of beauty although widely discussed is not a weak students often have a well defined category as it represents many things to many different people bad attitude towards completing homework when discussing the women movement you must be aware that the term feminist covers a scientists broada category people ttitudes toward the theory changed after the surprising discovery children who get into trouble with the law tend not to fall into a neat he had a complete chacategory they come from a variety of family backgrounds nge in attitudeafter failing the test these days the term hero covers a the manageraimed to investigate employees of people and includes a great deal more sporting film and music stars than artists scientists or political leaders overtime the image of teaching being considered a clothes like that never go safe occupation particularly suited to women has been destroyed by the increase in school related violence out of style people who are promoted into management positions are sometimes surprised to discover what a the designer had a nice demanding occupation it can be with the increase in responsibility and expectationssense of stylemany people find nursing a the teenager felt that her parents cewarding occupation ampeddespite the long hours and low pay her style employers are finding that workers in design techniques can be taught at art college but are at greater risk of suffering from stress related illnesses canonly be developed through experience newton theory of gravity was informed by a twin children can be so similar that it is sometimes difficult to flash of insight when he saw an apple fall from a tree make a distinction between the two the stories about street children provided there is a snpleasant insights into the lives of the very poor btle distinction in the taste of wines from different areas of france the author new history of the numbers gave judges for the contest could not define a fresh insight into the thinking of civil rights movement leaders clear distinction between serious literature and popular literature number a the eec was originally formed to enhance economic integration across the continent of europe the current eu is much more politically oriented b when moving to a new city parents often find that the family social integration into the new community is facilitated by their children c one method of quieting dissent in countries suffering from internal unrest is for the governing parties to work towards the political integration of their opponents d many schools have successfully managed both the educational and of disabled students the report on the closure of the factory gave some many language professionals no longer into the power games played by management and the trade unions check if fresh generally has a positive connotation between the number a while several northern states enacted legislation which prohibited ownership of slaves southern states passed laws prohibiting anti slavery debates b although the chief executive can veto legislation the legislature can override that veto c the president intends to introduce legislation which allows workers to take time off in lieu of overtime pay and to give them additional unpaid leave d there is no way to compel congress and the president to to cut spending or raise taxes in order to balance the national budget the scientist report emotionally involved carefully documents the development of the new drug the causes of many social problems have not been because research is still ongoing number a the supermarket was popular with international students because it stocked an rin number the securities exchange commission received permission from congress to levy fines on companies which violate civil securities laws extensive range of ethnic foods b it is up to the discretion of individual school districts as to whether they levy charges for participation in extra curricular activities the restaurant could only offer a restricted range of meals because the electricity had gone out earlier in the day fraudulently acquire c not only do tax rates vary from country to country the income goods and services on which governments choose to the college was able to offeralevy taxes also varies considerably surprising range of degrees given its small size d the british decision to the toys were only suitable for a n age on tea imported to the american colonies resulted in the boston tea party number a in a mother day survey only one in four mothers said they prefer staying at home to working the survey had a margin of error of plus or minus number points b the standard safety margin kept by air traffic controllers calls for horizontal separation of two miles between planes and vertical separation of number feet c the profit margin for retailers is generally much higher on own brand goods d a healthy has normally been built into the limits set on the amounts of toxic chemicals that can be released into the environment number a general practitioners treat a wide range of medical conditions but often refer their patients to specialist doctors when those patients need advanced care b a family practitioner is able to handle the day to day medical needs of all members of a family c phd study involves doing research under the guidance of a supervisor who is already a skilled practitioner within a particular area of expertise d a of massage can treat conditions such as insomnia and hypertension a a drastically modifythe international situation changed for the worse when conflict broke out in korea in number politicians attempt to avoid conflict between nations through discussion the general had no wish to start an armed conflict that he was not certain of winning the political leaders were unable to prevent the peaceful protests developing into information on making explosives is now the process of finding a cure for cancer continues freely obtainable on the internet although illegal it is possible to the decision making processobtain ivory on the black marketin some parts of the world in large organizations can be awkward and unmanageable one can quality control must be in place in all phases of the legally obtainproduction process the industrial revolution led to major changes in the of a variety of man made goods developing countries have always struggled to avoid dominant factorforeign domination a small number of forceful people were decisive factor allowed to dominate the meeting public examinations can take that factor into account come to dominatethe process of teaching and learning in secondary schools the fact that coca cola and mcdonalds have the market is due more to successful marketing than to clear product differentiation although the history of the first and second world wars has been directly involved amply documented new accounts of both wars are still being written the contents of the museum exhibition had to be inadvertently involvedfully documented for insurance purposes as they had many small parts which could be swallowed by small children number a many health professionals question the concept of beauty encouraged by fashion magazines especially the importance placed on being thin b efforts to develop the concept of a global village are being held back by ongoing ethnic and regional conflicts c the fact that the company has failed to adhere to basic concepts of equal rights in hiring is clear simply by looking at the large number of white men in upper management positions d scientists are working to of artificial intelligence through work with increasingly complex computer programs number a the president of the university was happy to confer an honorary degree on the nobel peace prize winner b among many primitive tribes being an effective hunter confers a high status upon an individual c the queen of england is able to confer a title on british subjects who have provided particularly useful services to their country d wearing a trendy brand of clothes can do much to on teenagers in the eyes of their peers number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box one word will be used more than once advocates infrastructure philosophy unrefined portion coincident incompatible orient output priority numberere are many number of genetic engineering of food as a means of increasing the world food supply while at the same time eliminating or minimizing the use of chemicals supporters of genetically modified gm food point out that the world requires an ever increasing number of food annually number with this is the increasing occurrence of droughts and flooding which regularly cripple food production in some part of the world not surprisingly many feel that number must be given to the increased production of all kinds of foodstuffs numberhowever some people fear that gm food may be number with environmental safety and suggest limiting or abandoning gm research they believe that if we exploit the advantages of gm foods undesirable effects will inevitably occur because gm foods are such a new phenomenon it is impossible to predict what those specific effects might be the agricultural industry does not have an number that can ensure that gm and natural crops are kept separate both before and after harvest so some contamination of the environment is sure to occur even if the number of gm foods leaking into the environment is small the consequences are unpredictable numberbecause of this the anti gm position is that governments must put safety first and should therefore number policies towards limiting subsidies for gm development while legislating tighter controls on gm research opponents of gm food advise a fundamental shift in number instead of devoting time and money into engineering food they would prefer the building of a culture which placed more value on natural number organically grown food original composition by norbert schmitt number words b work with a partner discuss the advantages and disadvantages of gm food what is the worst case scenario of gm food on both consumers and the environment the best case scenario are the advantages of gm foods worth the risks are gm foods more suitable for some parts of the world than others given that some insects are becoming resistant to current pesticides is there any real alternative to gm food c choose one of the above questions and write a short essay in which you argue your position remember to counter any opposing points raised in your discussion unit number chapter number microorganisms the spice of life number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what kind of spices are regularly used in cooking in your country what are some qualities of foods that make them good for us are there any links between taste and the wholesomeness of foods number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words behalf empirical liberal statistics colleague equate mediate straightforward compile guideline notwithstanding substitute compound identical pursue summarize comprehensive infer restrain survive deduce journal reveal undertake number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on microbiology and discusses the role of microorganisms in food as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold food microbiology number most people are aware of the continuing problems we face in pursuing the goal of producing sufficient food for the world population however production is just one aspect of the world food supply food must also be preserved and stored as agents of spoilage microorganisms are serious competitors for the world food supply one of the earliest researchers into microbiology was louis pasteur number he began his career as a chemist but his work soon became connected with microorganisms as he undertook to solve the problem of spoilage of wine and milk his studies revealed the microbiological nature of fermentations and led the way to using heat to prevent spoilage of vinegar beer wines and milk pasteurization soon became used throughout the world and today it remains a foundation of both food and beverage preservation and control of communicable diseases number notwithstanding their role as agents of spoilage microorganisms also play a major part in the production of foods fermentation by microorganisms is not only a method of food preservation but also a means of increasing nutritional value and taste microorganisms also may serve as foods themselves for example marine algae have been harvested as food for centuries in asian countries and mushrooms are used throughout the world as a protein rich food number microorganisms work on our behalf by playing two roles in the production of food most importantly they modify foods through their biochemical activities microbial fermentation of foods results in biochemical changes that can lead to desirable flavors and textures in food and can increase their nutritional quality and digestibility second microorganisms may be grown and harvested as food number microbial fermentation of foods has been used since ancient times stone tablets which have survived from babylon describe beer egyptian hieroglyphics depict the making of fermented foods and the bible refers to wine number today microbial fermentations remain a significant part of food production fruits are still fermented to produce wines grains are fermented into beers fermented milk becomes cheese and fermented vegetables become a variety of delicious foods sometimes the choice of microorganism is straightforward with fermentation relying on the bacteria naturally present on the food other fermented foods may be prepared by enhancing natural microbial populations with cultures grown in the laboratory or they may be totally dependent on laboratory grown cultures for example wines and beers rely on cultures of specific yeast strains maintained and tightly guarded by wineries and breweries cheeses are made by adding specific cultures of bacteria or fungi to milk at various stages of production in contrast sauerkraut production uses natural bacterial populations on cabbage and pickles are fermented with populations of bacteria that occur naturally on cucumbers herbs and microorganisms number food without the flavoring of herbs and spices is bland but herbs and spices do more than make foods taste better they have been used for centuries as medicines and to preserve foods today there is renewed interest in the potential medicinal value of these traditional food flavor enhancers number although the terms herb and spice are sometimes used interchangeably they are not identical an herb is generally considered to be a plant that is used as a medicine seasoning or flavoring whereas spices usually are thought of as dried plant products used mainly as seasonings there is considerable empirical evidence that both have antimicrobial properties number in number dr paul sherman and dr jennifer billing summarized the results of their examination of number herbs and spices used in more than number meat dishes from number countries statistics showed that onions black and white pepper garlic lemon juice hot peppers and ginger were used most often when they evaluated the antimicrobial activities of each plant product they found that garlic onion allspice and oregano killed all the different types of harmful bacteria they tested other herbs and spices killed at least number of the test bacteria the number countries most commonly equated with the use of spices ethiopia greece india indonesia iran kenya malaysia morocco nigeria and thailand all have hot tropical climates and sherman and billing deduced that their heavy use of spices has served to mediate the effects of microorganisms in food spoilage which is much more of a problem in the tropics than in temperate and cool climates number in a number paper in the new england journal of medicine dr amy howell reported that cranberries contain antibacterial compounds called proanthocyanidins these compounds appear to work by restraining escherichia coli the leading cause of urinary tract infections from colonizing the bladder and kidneys this study thus substantiated claims that drinking cranberry juice regularly can reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections number in number dr daniel y c fung and his colleagues reported that five common spices can kill bacteria that cause food poisoning during their experiments they mixed number spices with beef and salad infected with bacteria the most powerful antibacterial agents were garlic cloves cinnamon oregano and sage number research in laboratory conditions clearly indicates that herbs and spices both flavor foods and inhibit microoganisms and this allows us to infer a similar role under natural conditions although no scientific data has been compiled to prove this it is supported by cultural traditions and folklore number despite the undoubted benefits of herbs and spices there are some cautions to be observed the active components of herbs and spices primarily oils are changed by cooking treatments and digestive processes heat especially will evaporate or inactivate their antimicrobial properties some also could cause illnesses if taken internally in large doses and the medical community is concerned that people may get into trouble by self medicating themselves with liberal amounts of herbal remedies some people may also be tempted to substitute herbal remedies for more conventional medicines without first consulting their doctor additionally although the food and drug administration fda offers some guidelines on the use of some specific herbal preparations there are no federal regulations governing the quality of herbal remedies including potentially harmful contaminants number overall microorganisms can be seen both as an enhancer and a destroyer of food by employing beneficial microorganisms in food production and fighting harmful ones through heat treatment and the careful use of herbs we can implement a comprehensive approach to the use of microorganisms in maximizing the food resources for the world adapted from b l batzing microbiology an introduction number brooks cole thomson learning pp number number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are the two roles of microorganisms in food production number what did sherman and billing deduce from the findings of their study number are you aware of any cultural traditions which link particular foods to health remedies if yes give some examples number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer number the job of a money manager is to make good investments on behalf of their customers the lawyer spoke on behalf of the parents group that was fighting against closure of the local primary school a contrary to another b in support of c as a representative of belief someone someone number the product development team relies on their colleagues in the marketing department to supply information on consumer wants and needs researchers build their studies on the findings of colleagues who have done research in the same or related areas a companions b co workers c enemies number table salt is a compound made up of sodium and chloride nacl it is important to realize that fat is not just a single compound but comes in many forms with each having different proportions of fatty acids a seasonings for b a substance consisting of c a large amount or quantity of food two or more elements something number the personnel manager prepared a comprehensive report on areas where the company was not meeting employment legislation guidelines the hospital comprehensive service included overnight facilities for families of patients from out of town a including everything b well timed c trying to avoid blame that is necessary for something number alexander fleming deduced that the spores of a mold called penicillin had disease preventing qualities when he observed that it prevented the growth of germs behavioral psychologists maintain that learning takes place when children deduce that good or correct behavior is rewarded and bad or wrong behavior is punished a take responsibility for b use information to make a c give a reason for something judgment about something something number most empirical evidence does not support the widely held belief that parents teach their children their first language although empirical methods were not recognized as part of scientific tradition until galileo time babylonian astronomers used them in their observations of the stars a based on feelings b based solely on theory c based on scientific testing and emotions or ideas or practical experience number a study published in the journal of the american medical association contends that charles darwin may have suffered from a panic disorder the editor of the flying association journal was responsible for collecting articles sending them out for review and deciding which were to be published a a newspaper b a serious magazine produced c a book in which you write down for profession people important things that happen to you number the boss was so liberal with his praise that his employees began to question his sincerity in order to eradicate the problem of begging in the city the council decide to operate more liberal opening hours at the shelter a generous b stingy c admirable number exercise can help to mediate the effects of a high calorie diet a strong sense of local values can help to mediate the impact of mass culture on developing countries a to change the effect of b to make something c to tell or show openly something to make it less bad do what you want what you are thinking number urban growth must be restrained if the countryside is to be protected the federal reserve board raised interest rates to restrain inflation a to help something b to avoid doing something c to control or limit the develop increase of something number companies are required to keep accurate statistics on work place accidents for review by the occupational safety and health administration osha government statistics show that household spending has increased steadily over the last decade a a report on activities b a collection of numbers c something that causes or representing facts influences a situation number the literature review of an article should summarize the main research studies that have already been undertaken in the subject area it was necessary to summarize the recent history of the organization even if only briefly to ensure that everyone understood the reasons for the proposed changes a to pay careful b to keep an idea strong c to make a short statement attention to of the main information number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of the word across parts of speech write the meaning of each target word in your own words number when looking for a new job one way to get started is to compile a list of companies in your area who might be looking for someone like you and then write to them the environmental group monitored the variety of wildlife in the area over a period of number months and then compiled a report on their findings compile number high test scores do not always equate with high intelligence larger jet engines equate to greater noise causing problems for airports located in metropolitan areas equate number the referees association issued new guidelines for penalizing unsportsmanlike conduct on the field of play the manufacturers guidelines recommended that children under the age of number should not use the machine without the assistance of an adult guidelines number although the twins clearly looked like sisters their appearances were not identical if we only compare the dna of chimpanzees and humans we might infer that they are nearly identical species as there is an overlap of number number identical number psychologists studying children raised in varying conditions have inferred that children who receive more stimulation develop greater mental capacity the children were able to infer from the facial expressions of the adults that something terrible had occurred infer number cultural shock and language problems notwithstanding the immigrants successfully integrated into their adopted country notwithstanding the overall slowdown in the airline business the discount airlines have had a very profitable year notwithstanding number most high school graduates have little choice but to pursue further education if they want to be successful in the job market the democratic president was forced to pursue a policy of cooperation with the republican controlled congress in order to achieve his election goals pursue number studies reveal that school attendance and classroom performance improve when children eat breakfast a search into the applicant background revealed that he had in fact been fired from his last three jobs reveal number meeting the requirements of the assignment should be a straightforward task as the criteria for each section are clearly explained although travel across the continent was once long and tiring greater access to air travel now means a trip from miami to seattle is quite straightforward straightforward number many vegetarian recipes simply substitute a vegetable such as eggplant or zucchini for meat scientists looking for a cure to cystic fibrosis found that if they substituted a normal gene in the lungs of mice for a defective one the mice recovered substitute number the young football team managed to survive a number of close contests only to be beaten in the final round of the playoffs in the number century there were over number aboriginal languages in australia today only number of these survive and only five have more than number speakers survive number the building of the channel tunnel between britain and france was one of the most complex tunneling projects ever undertaken it is important that the food and drug administration undertake more research to determine whether there are gender differences in the effectiveness of new drugs undertake b word families in the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used read each sentence carefully and decide whether the correct form has been used or not pay careful attention to the position of the word in the sentence put x next to sentences in which the wrong form has been used draw a line through any incorrect form and write the correct form above it number television stations should restraint from showing too much violence at prime viewing times number the researchers inferred from the mortgage data that house prices were going down number in summarize old and young people can live together without disagreement if they are willing to compromise number the two jobs offered identical salaries even though one required much greater responsibility number it is not yet known if there are any survivals from the factory fire number the sunday newspapers were filled with new revelations about the corruption scandal hitting the department of defense number as a means of offering good customer service some supermarkets will offer a substitution product if they have sold out of a sale item number the instructions on the tube advised that the medication should be spread liberal on the skin around the area of infection number many people take antacids to mediate the effects of overeating on their gastro intestinal tract number the mayor ordered a comprehensively report into the cause of the bridge collapse c collocation in the following exercise match one of the target words from this unit with a group of words that regularly occur with it undertake statistical colleague journal guidelines straightforward pursue empirical compile on behalf of number number number number number research campaign analysis longtime fairly evidence speak significance former quite approach negotiate techniques senior reasonably observations lobby evidence noted remarkably number number number number number issue data bi monthly challenge objectives follow information weekly research careers publish lists quarterly responsibility interests recommend statistics annual training policies number expansion a we are what we eat so it is not difficult to deduce that one of the most important things a person can do to stay healthy is to eat healthy food but how much do you know about the nutrition available in various kinds of food the following questions test your knowledge about food and its health benefits complete the quiz and then discuss the answers with a partner healthy food quiz read the statements and circle the best answer number as a guideline which food group should you eat the most from a meat group b dairy group c bread and cereal group number a straightforward way to ensure you are getting enough protein in your diet is to eat what kind of food a fruit juice b noodles c meat number notwithstanding the amount necessary for general health how much water do you need to drink per day to keep your skin healthy a number liters b number liters c number liters number which contains more vitamin c a white grapefruit b pink grapefruit c they have identical amounts number which foods mediate hay fever symptoms a vitamin c and garlic b vitamin a and fish c vitamin d and milk number to lower the risk of a stroke which foods should you eat liberal amounts of a steak and eggs b bread and pasta c bananas and milk number empirical evidence has shown that some types of food help lower harmful cholesterol which ones a pork and beef b salmon and tuna c butter and cheese number which can you take to help improve your memory a iron b vitamin e c iodine number the amount of caffeine in one cup of coffee equates to the caffeine in how many cups of tea a number cup b number cups c number cups number which type of alcohol contains the most chemical compounds which cause hangovers a white wine b vodka c whiskey b write a paper which outlines the steps you can take to live a more healthy lifestyle possible aspects could include diet exercise sleep stress reduction and relaxation unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary pronunciation and stress it is important to note that the pronunciation of a word may vary across words in the same family notice the difference in the pronunciation of the second syllable in revelation and reveal in this table write the phonetic spelling of each word below it give special attention to changes in pronunciation across the word family noun verb adjective adverb number revelation reveal revealing revealingly number inclination incline inclined x number deduction deduce x x number empiricism x empirical empirically another variation in word family pronunciation is related to stress placement changes in stress are the primary reason for pronunciation changes in word families stress is normally marked in dictionaries by placing a single apostrophe before the stressed syllable identify the syllable which receives the main stress noun verb adjective adverb number con�cept con cep�tu�al�ize con cep�tu�al con cep�tu�al�ly number syllable number syllable number syllable number syllable number spe�cif�ic spe�cif�y spe�cif�ic s spe�cif�i�cally number co�in�ci�dence co�in�cide co�in�ci�dent�al co�in�ci�dent�al�ly number phi�los�o�phy phi�los�o�phize phil�o�soph�i�cal phil�o�soph�i�cal�ly now add this pronunciation information to your vocabulary cards number strategy vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire there is a wide variety of vocabulary learning strategies below is a list of some of these strategies talk with a partner and discuss the value of each strategy indicate whether you currently use the strategy if you do not discuss whether it is potentially worth trying in the future u i currently use this strategy p i do not use this strategy now but i think it has the potential to help me x i do not think this strategy is appropriate for me strategies for discovering a new word meaning analyzing a word part of speech u p x analyzing a word affixes and roots u p x checking whether a word is related to a word in my mother tongue u p x guessing meaning from textual context u p x using a bilingual dictionary u p x using a monolingual dictionary u p x asking your teacher for the meaning u p x asking classmates for the meaning u p x strategies for deepening knowledge of a word once it has been encountered making a mental image of the word meaning u p x associating the word with related words cat dog bird horse u p x relating the word to its synonyms and antonyms gigantic huge tiny u p x using word maps mind maps u p x using the word in sentences u p x saying the word aloud when studying it u p x studying the spelling of the word u p x paraphrasing the word meaning u p x using physical action when studying the word u p x waving your hand when studying the word wave using grids to study collocation u p x saying the word aloud many times when learning it u p x writing the word many times when learning it u p x using word cards u p x listening to a tape of word lists u p x putting english labels on physical objects u p x taping bookshelf label on the bookshelf keeping a vocabulary notebook u p x using english language media songs movies newscasts etc u p x testing oneself to measuring progress in learning vocabulary u p x continuing to study words over a period of time u p x number word knowledge collocation partners we have seen how academic words collocate with particular words however some words collocate with more than one academic word in the sentences below all of the academic words in bold collocate with the word business their business investment proved to be very profitable the city required a business license before the new store could open the business ethics of the salesman were called into question when he knowingly sold defective merchandise my business colleague was just awarded the manager of the year award one way to make these relationships clear is with a grid below is a grid for identical words collocate strongly are indicated with number and words that do not are left blank twins air conditions silently identical number number of course it is possible that air and silently could appear together with identical but the grid shows that they are not strong word partners in the grid below write a number sign for the collocation pairs the first one is done for you assemble number number quote specify compile cite pursue reveal summarize avnumber c the final table needs to have the vertical columns labeled with the words as indicated in the text the numbers indicate the placement of the words we would like the words to be slanted roughly number degrees so that they are easier to read information position data ideas goal report results figures statistics unit number chapter number music as social conscience number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what kind of music do you like to listen to what are the subjects of the song lyrics make a list of songs you know that highlight social issues have the singers and songwriters of those songs caused you to think more deeply about any of the issues they highlight number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not how to to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words author constitute induce radical cease exceed interpret revolution civil format interval subsequent classical grant objective theme commentary ideological principal vehicle compute implicit proceed violation number reading the following passage comes from an introductory text on music it illustrates the long history of anti war music as you read the following passage pay special attention to the words in bold opposing war through music past and present numbermusic has power both as a driving force in time of war and as an expression of humankind desire for lasting peace in fact the power of music as a social commentary is perhaps the strongest in music that is inspired by war often inducing powerful reactions in the listener numberfor centuries music has been used for the objectives of inciting soldiers to war praising its heroes relieving the boredom of military life and providing a vehicle for expressing the homesickness and loneliness invariably connected to a soldier life however a considerable amount of music has been composed that instead of supporting the energies of war focuses on hopes for peace most people will be aware of the anti war themes in the popular music of the numbers and numbers but may be surprised that such themes have also occurred in classical music and are still alive today franz joseph haydn the mass in time of war numbere european political arena was in the midst of conflict when haydn wrote his mass in time of war france the center of a popular revolution in the numbers had witnessed massacres a two day rampage in paris in number produced casualties exceeding number number and the guillotine became the symbol of justice it claimed louis xvi in january number and his wife queen marie antoinette suffered the same fate in october even robespierre a leading revolutionary who had demanded that the king be put to death was himself guillotined in number numberin number france was at war with austria and napoleon proceeding towards becoming emperor was chalking up a string of victories the citizens of vienna were mobilized for war and it was a violation of local law to talk of peace until the french were defeated haydn a man in his sixties and by now the most prestigious musical presence in vienna wrote his first composition to reference war the missa in tempora belli numberhaydn mass in time of war at first glance is a typical treatment of the five main elements which constitute the mass the principal worship service of the catholic church although the beginning element opens with a steady thumping of the timpani which perhaps could be interpreted as the sound of marching or of canons the direct references to war do not occur until the final movement the agnus dei here the prominent use of the timpani has been identified with canon fire and the trumpet fanfares have been associated with the military the commentary on war that haydn makes is subtle to the modern ear his use of drums to signify the canons of war probably had a stronger impact on the ears of his contemporaries than they do on our ears which are accustomed to the loud noises of amplified sound ralph vaughan williams done nobis pacem numbersome number years after haydn had died a composer emerged in england who like haydn had strong connections to his country and to concerns for citizenship unlike haydn vaughan williams had firsthand experiences with war in number at age forty two he joined the medical corps in the british army and ended his service in france as an artillery officer his subsequent dona nobis pacem expresses emotions born out of the composer experience numberhis favorite texts for his vocal and choral works were those of authors writing in the english language his dona nobis pacem give peace in our time o lord a forty minute cantata draws heavily upon english texts although its title is taken from the well known prayer of the agnus dei of the mass grant us peace three of the six movements of this work are based on poems by walt whitman whitman text comes from a series of poems drum taps which he wrote in reaction to the american civil war no doubt whitman had strong personal reasons for writing these verses for his brother was wounded in the war and he worked in a hospital for soldiers in washington during the civil war years whitman words provide fertile images and sounds for elaboration by a composer an ideal text for musical composition beat beat drums blow bugles blow numbervaughan williams turned to other text sources for the last two movements the fifth part of the cantata opens with a baritone solo singing words that originally were spoken by john bright before the house of commons during a debate on the crimean war in number bright comments refer to the old testament account of passover the composer then cleverly turns to several other biblical texts to further the mood set by the opening solo these texts all have strong themes of death war and peace thus compared to haydn implicit references in missa in tempora belli william dona nobis pacem takes a more obvious position against war anti war music from the numbers to the contemporary numberalthough earlier classical music had its anti war elements the most influential period of antiwar music occurred more recently during the numbers protest songs played a major role in expressing and shaping public opinion about the presence of the u s armed forces in vietnam led by singer songwriters such as bob dylan and joan baez ideological protest songs gained an audience and became hits on popular music charts in america although the music did not directly stop the war it helped to form the social environment which allowed politicians to finally cease the war in the early numbers with the war over radical protest songs generally faded from the popular music scene numberis interval of indifference was broken in number when the war in iraq generated a new wave of protest music a number of artists distributed protest songs for free over their web sites using the downloadable mpnumber format which allowed them to gain almost immediate access to the public rather than waiting for official release through their record labels the internet also provided an increasingly interconnected forum for anti war protest with music sites being linked to the homepages of anti war sites like the veterans against the iraq war this suggests that in the age of computers and instant global communication anti war music may become increasingly influential in shaping public opinion about future conflicts adapted in part from nichols d c musical encounters number prentice hall pp number number number number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are the different purposes to which music has been put in times of war number how has protest music evolved from haydn to vaughan williams to bob dylan to modern times number share some examples of war and peace related music from your own country or culture number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words on the left with their definitions on the right if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pp number then check your dictionary set number number interval a a time of great social and political change especially the number radical changing of a ruler or political system by force number vehicle b relating to the people who live in a country number constitute c a period of time or distance between two events or activities number civil d to continue to do something that has already been started number proceed e supportive of thorough and complete social or political number revolution change f something you use in order to achieve something or as a way of spreading your ideas or expressing your opinions g when several parts come together to form something set number number violation a an action that breaks a law agreement or principle number exceed b to consider someone actions or behavior or an event as number ideological having a particular meaning number interpret c to be more than a particular number amount etc number author d someone who writes a book play story etc number grant e an analysis of something such as an event or theory number commentary f based on a particular set of beliefs or ideas especially political ideas g to give someone something they have asked for number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym for the numbered word cross it out number subsequent later number format arrangement following design consequent policy principal system number cease stop number principal main finish approximate perceive primary conclude fundamental number classical crucial number implicit mutual traditional unspoken conventional implied typical hidden number induce cause number theme subject produce attitude conform topic provoke idea number compute calculate number objective purpose figure aim attain goal work out recruitment word tip the word principal is an adjective that means most important the principal reason for the american revolution was that the colonists wanted a say in how they were governed in its noun form it has the more common meaning of someone who is in charge of a school the principal is responsible for the smooth running of a school this word is commonly mistaken for a similarly spelled word principle which is a noun that means a belief or idea on which a set of ideas is based see chap number a key principle of democracy is free speech b word families number the table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the rest of the table x indicates that there is not a form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table noun verb adjective adverb interpret x no form x exceed x number revolution number x number violation number x x number number compute x ideological number commentary number x x x x subsequent x x implicit theme x number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide number a many amusement parks are now based around a theme for example movies cartoon characters or international locations b most libraries arrange books with volumes on similar topics being stored together number a the dominant economic ideology in the world today is capitalism b the politician left her party due to differences number a although he did not explicitly support the fireman strike his refusal to condemn it offered implicit support b after twenty years of married life the couple knew each other needs number a after retiring the senator agreed to commentate on politics for the cable television news channel b the sports suggested that the team had failed to live up to its potential number a at the time when the u s constitution was written the notion that governments should be answerable to the people was a revolutionary idea b computer automation has the way banks process and store their records number a the new tax was extremely unpopular as subsequent riots clearly indicated b although henry viii believed that only a man could rule england his daughter elizabeth i proved to be one of britain strongest monarchs number a some knowledge of statistics is required to interpret the results of most scientific research reports b the judge of the anti discrimination law set a precedent for future law cases in that area number a some people can compute calculations on an abacus as quickly as most others can with an electronic calculator b no matter how the accountants tried to adjust the financial figures their showed that the city would be bankrupt within months number a the export of subsidized farm goods was a violation of the trade agreement b a teacher cannot normally be fired unless school officials can show that the teacher actions state laws number a the improvement of the orchestra under the new conductor exceeded expectations b the high altitude and cold weather make climbing mt everest an difficult task c collocation each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners number plato is one of the best known writers from the classical period of greek literature the classical period of the wild west lasted from the civil war to about the numbers when the railway network was finished in the classical period of hollywood cinema each studio had its own collection of stars contracted to film movies exclusively for that studio number the economies of the former communist countries have undergone a radical change the rise in terrorism has resulted in a radical change in the amount of security required at airports the recent wave of corporate scandals highlights the need for radical change in the oversight of multinational companies number one way to induce sleep is to drink a glass of warm milk before bedtime the drug triazolam is often prescribed to induce sleep many people are turning to herbal remedies as a natural method of inducing sleep number the hubble telescope has been a principal source of information on the physical properties of the universe despite generational differences parents remain a principal source of advice for their teenage children opec countries are the principal source of petroleum for the world number with the current rate of destruction the amazon rain forest may cease to exist within number years czechoslovakia ceased to exist in number splitting into the czech republic and slovakia if the earth climate became too warm the gulf stream could cease to exist number several western states received government grants to cover the cost of fighting the forest fires caused by the drought the city used its government grant to pay for improving access to public buidings for handicapped people many countries subsidize essential services such as public transportation by offering government grants to companies providing those services number it is a wise precaution to have health checkups at regular intervals the volumes of the harry potter series were intended to be published at regular intervals to fuel fresh excitement for each new book the discovery that pendulums swing at a regular interval was applied to the production of more accurate clocks number dr martin luther king jr was one of the key leaders in the civil rights movement the consistently low percentage of u s citizens who exercise their civil right to vote is an ongoing cause for concern many observers fear that some of the legislation passed in response to security threats seriously erodes basic civil rights number the standard format for the labeling of food products requires that ingredients be listed in the order of their amount in the food there is no standard format for picture files with jpeg tiff and pcx being only a few of the many options the standard format for reporting academic research includes the following sections introduction background methodology results discussion and conclusion number war is often driven by political objectives after being elected a new president needs to build support for his or her political objectives so they can be achieved the principal political objective of a party is often getting re elected rather than the good of the country number expansion a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partner number the vast amount of nuclear material in the world constitutes a clear danger to the future of mankind number the best authors deserve to paid as much as famous movie stars number the world would be a better place if the use of motor vehicles was severely reduced number governments should proceed to make tobacco illegal in the interest of public health number the wealth gap between developed and developing counties requires a revolutionary solution where developed countries voluntarily give up some of their quality of life to help those less fortunate number classical music has more artistic merit than rock music number if a person wears unusual clothes and has an extreme hair style we can normally assume that they also hold a radical ideology number students should be given grants by the government to study at university number people who violate the law repeatedly should automatically be put in prison number the principal objective of history should be to give insights into the future b choose a song or piece of music which is identified with a social issue listen carefully to the point of view expressed by the musicians research the issue in more depth and write up the results of your investigation indicate clearly whether or not you support the point of view taken in the song unit number chapter number noise hurts number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates have you ever been annoyed by noise how did it make you feel list some places that are particularly noisy how can you protect yourself from noise number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words albeit convinced equivalent parameter ambiguous correspond file passive amend credit formula preliminary clause deviation grade protocol consent distorted index route consultation draft integral tense number reading the following passage comes from an introductory textbook on noise control in industry and discusses noise and its harmful effects as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold noise pollution numberattitudes to noise have always been ambiguous while many are happy to spend an evening listening or dancing to loud rock music they are equally unhappy to live under the flight path of an airport or work in an office next to a construction site even though the noise levels may be equivalent because it is now commonly accepted that high levels of noise are harmful to human well being they need to be controlled this is particularly relevant in the industrial context industrial noise pollution affects people in various ways it causes annoyance to neighbors particularly in residential areas where plants were built nearby without the community consent perhaps more importantly it causes actual damage to the hearing of workers due to over exposure at the workplace fortunately complaints filed by suffers of noise pollution are now being backed up by lawmakers who are drafting noise control clauses into new laws and amending old laws to their credit many companies are changing their practices to conform to this legislation numbershort periods of exposure to excessive noise levels produce varying degrees of inner ear damage which is initially reversible the ear temporarily loses a degree of its ability to hear but the effect progressively lessens with time after leaving the excessively noisy environment the time taken to recover from this distorted hearing may be anything from a few minutes to days depending upon the degree of exposure permanent damage occurs when exposure to excessive noise continues over a long period of time numberso excessive noise is dangerous and a health hazard but what is excessive exposure to noise in excess of numberdb decibels an index of the power of sound for eight hours in any number hours for five days a week can lead to permanent hearing damage if exposure continues over a period of number to number years numberdb is equivalent to the sound produced by the average automobile however not everyone develops the same grade of hearing loss when exposed to the same noise because of the variation in the susceptibility of individual ears the numberdb norm will only protect up to number of the population the remaining number may have their hearing affected by exposure to noise levels between numberdb and numberdb but obviously to a lesser extent than exposure to levels above numberdb exposure to noise levels below numberdb over any period of time is not thought to cause hearing damage the generally recommended parameters are that no person at any time should be exposed to noise levels in excess of numberdb without proper hearing protection and should not be exposed under any conditions to levels in excess of numberdb exposure to impulsive noise of numberdb or above can damage the ear beyond repair numbermoreover noise does not have to be audible to be destructive sounds outside the normal hearing range of the human ear can also cause physical discomfort and annoyance it has been suggested that ultrasonic frequencies above number number hz which are used in such applications as sonar or sonograms can seriously damage the human ear even though the ear does not register their presence similarly infrasound frequencies below numberhz which are used in exploring geological formations for petroleum can effect the sense of balance and cause fatigue irritation and nausea if sufficiently intense the brain is particularly sensitive to infrasound of numberhz which corresponds with the brain alpha waves exposure to this type of sound can prevent clear thought or concentration numberindustrial noise albeit an important source of hearing loss is not the only culprit blows to the head or explosive blasts near the ear may damage the ear disease can also affect the ear and can even physically erode parts of it compacted wax or foreign bodies in the ear can cause a hearing loss by blocking the route of sound through the ear canal finally like all organs of the body there is an aging process this aging based deterioration is dependent on frequency and starts with the higher frequencies at about the age of number years in men and number years in women numbere effects of noise pollution are not restricted to hearing loss however other effects include changes in the integral electrical activity of the brain in heart and breathing rate and in the ability to move one muscles preliminary studies have noted other effects during tests on animals and there is no reason to belief these same effects may not be present in man although they have not as yet been documented these include changes in the size of glands blood pressure changes and narrowing of the blood vessels observations of fatigue anxiety deviation in sleep patterns reduction of sexual urge and reduction of appetite have also been noted in animals numberapart from these physical changes noise can cause psychological disturbances interruption of sleep by noise can cause people to become tense and resentful against the cause of the noise especially if they are convinced the noise is avoidable in britain a man was jailed for digging up a speed bump outside his house because the noise caused by trucks driving over it prevented him from sleeping speech communication can be impaired by noise resulting in inefficiency feelings of isolation and more seriously accidents in several tests it has been established that productivity and efficiency can be seriously affected by high noise levels and that fewer mistakes are typically made when noise levels are reduced when a reduction in productivity occurs it can be a direct result of the mental fatigue caused by noise which makes people disagreeable and has been shown to be a direct cause of absenteeism numbernoise can therefore be the cause of hearing loss mental illness reduced productivity or even loss of life to prevent this companies can require the wearing of devices which reduce the level of noise such as internal foam ear plugs and external passive headsets there are also active headsets which electronically cancel additional noise additionally they can offer consultations with doctors for annual hearing tests although these protocols can be partially effective the best formula for reducing noise damage is for sound engineers to dampen as much noise as possible at the source adapted from sound research laboratories ltd noise control in industry number e f n spon pp number number number number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number at what point can noise levels be classified as excessive number beyond hearing loss what are some additional effects of excessive noise number what types of noise are you exposed to in your daily life are any of them potentially harmful to your hearing or general well being in the short or long term number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading number ambiguous number a having more that one meaning so that it is not clear which meaning is intended b difficult to understand or not certain number file number a to officially record something as a complaint law case official document etc b to keep papers with information on them in a particular place so that you can find them easily number draft number a to write a plan report law etc that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form b to order someone to serve in their country military especially during a war number credit number a an arrangement with a bank store etc that allows you to buy something and pay for it later b approval or praise for doing something good number index number a an alphabetical list of names subjects etc at the back of a book with the numbers of the pages where they can be found b a standard by which the level of something can be judged or measured number grade number a the level or degree of quality that something has b the degree of slope especially of a road or railway number correspond number a to write letters to someone and receive letters from them b to be very similar or the same as something else number route number a the way from one place to another b a way of doing something or achieving a particular result the surest route to disaster number tense number a feeling very nervous and worried because something bad might happen b unable to relax your body because your muscles feel tight tense muscles number consultation number a a meeting with a doctor for advice or treatment b a discussion in which people affected by a decision can say what they think should be done number formula number a a method or set of principles that you use to solve a problem or to make sure something is successful b a series of letters or numbers that represent a mathematical or scientific rule number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box distorted parameter equivalent amend convinced albeit deviation protocol clause consent preliminary integral number the mechanic found that the engine was running within its normal limits restrictions number many people feel that moral development is an element of education essential fundamental number the report from the chairman of the federal reserve board indicated that the economy was growing slowly although even though number the contract included a which explained the performance related pay plan passage paragraph number the grandmother her will to include her newly born granddaughter modify revise number increased solar activity can result in radio broadcasts being on earth fuzzy unclear number the round of voting narrowed the large field of candidates down to two for the main election initial introductory number many mainstream doctors are not yet of the benefits of alternative medicine sure certain number http hypertext transfer protocol is one the most important that allow exchange of information on the internet procedure set of rules number it is estimated that number number square miles of rain forest are destroyed each year an area to the state of north carolina comparable equal number researchers must usually obtain the written of subjects participating in research studies agreement permission number the between true north and magnetic north which a compass points to is number in miami florida variation difference word tip the most common meanings of the word passive are related to inactivity a passive person tends to accept situations without attempting to change them or prevent them a passive learning style means that the student is not actively involved in learning in this reading passive takes on a technical meaning exhibiting no gain or control passive headsets simply block out some noise but have no electronic circuit which actively tries to control and lessen even more noise b word families number most of the words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective verb and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below word families table noun verb adjective adverb ambiguity x ambiguous ambiguously number equivalence number equivalent x equivalent equivalently correspondence correspond corresponding correspondingly deviation deviate deviant x distortion distort distorted x x convince number convinced number convincing convincingly amendment amend amended x number consultation number consultant consult number consulting number consultative x number formula number formulation formulate x x number consent number consensus consent consenting x nouns adjectives adverbs number identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank use the word families table above to help you number the politician speech was intentionally ambiguous so that later he could not be held to account for specific promises number saudi arabia holds the largest known petroleum reserves equivalence to number billion barrels number many people suspect there is a correspond between the violence seen on television and violence carried out in the real world number severe chemical imbalances in the body can lead to deviate behavior but many of these can now be treated with chemical therapy number earthquakes can apply severe stresses to the materials used in buildings potentially leading to distorted and eventual failure number the secretary general of the united nations spoke convince about the need for tighter controls on the international arms trade number after the error had been corrected the amend minutes of the previous meeting were accepted number after receiving a large inheritance it is wise to consultation an accountant in order minimize taxes number the new president of the university formula policies designed to increase research by number number there is unlikely to be peace in northern ireland until republicans and unionists reach a consent on paramilitary disarmament c collocation each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose which of the three collocations from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence number a the athlete insisted that there be a no trade clause in his contract to ensure he could not be traded to a weaker team in case he was injured b there is usually a clause in rental agreements which allows a landlord to evict the renter for nonpayment of rent c the supreme court held that the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment prohibits states from maintaining racially segregated public schools d the employee did not like the in her which required weekend work number a the employers agreed that no changes could be made to working conditions without prior consultation with the unions b improvements to standards of food labeling were made after close consultation with consumer representatives c final recommendations regarding plans for the new road will only be made after a period of public consultation d before entering a foreign market with local ministries of trade and industry is necessary to understand the details of local trading laws and practices number a the sports star was quick to give credit to his teammates for making his success possible b the president took credit for the healthy economy even though it was mainly the result of his predecessor policies c red cross workers deserve credit for their dedication especially since they often have to work in dangerous war torn situations d scientists to einstein for radically changing the way we conceptualize time and space number a the museum was forced to draft a new budget after one of their biggest donors withdrew his support b the president has numerous people whose responsibility it is to draft the annual state of the union speech c mothers against drunk drivers madd has urged congress to draft legislation which would put into place stiff penalties for driving while intoxicated d it is the responsibility of the office of management and budget in the white house to the national and of congress to approve it number a farmers on the river were forced to file a lawsuit to prevent other farmers upstream from using more than their share of water b the state prosecutor filed charges against the chemical company for dumping waste into the river c a huge number of state controlled companies were forced to file for bankruptcy during the economic revolution in former communist countries d the dictator of treason against his opponents in order to silence opposition to his government number a passive smoking where second hand smoke is breathed in by non smokers has been shown to be a serious health risk b gandhi advocated passive resistance to british colonial rule c in some cultures women are expected to accept a passive role but in others they are allowed to take an active part in society d although he founded the company he now preferred to take a allowing others to handle the day to day management number a preliminary results from the archeological dig indicate that an ancient roman town existed on the site b a preliminary report into the air crash suggested that engine failure was the cause but several tests remained to be carried out c although it is still early in the process preliminary discussions on merging the two companies look promising d poll from the number election indicated that dewey was ahead but when all the votes were counted truman won the u s presidency number a royal protocol dictates that one should not touch the queen of england unless she extends her hand first b use of the same network protocols allow multiple computers on a network to communicate with each other c the montreal protocol of number requires participating countries to reduce the use of chemicals which harm the ozone layer d new improved are being written to facilitate faster information sharing between increasingly capable computers number a parents should make sure their children know a safe escape route from their bedrooms in case of fire during the night b the most direct route between north america and europe is the great circle route which follows the curvature of the earth c when east germany closed its borders to ground traffic in number the west had to find an alternative route to supply berlin thus the berlin airlift d when it became clear that prospects for advancement within her own company were limited she chose an to promotion by switching to another company number a it was a tense situation with soldiers and policemen on one side of the barricade and protesters on the other b the cuban missile crisis created a tense atmosphere between soviet union and the united states c there was a tense silence in the courtroom while everyone waited for the jury to announce their verdict d with no one willing to speak first there was a in the negotiating room which was only broken by the ticking of the clock number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box albeit deviations grade parameters index convinced distorted corresponds equivalent integral the science of sound numbersound is all around us some of which we can hear and some not the number of human hearing are number number hz humans typically perceive sound through air but sound can travel through any medium number not in a vacuum however it travels at different speeds depending on the number of density for each medium the speed of sound through air is about number meters per second the number of number number feet per second with number from this depending on the temperature sound travels about four times faster in water and about fifteen times faster in solids like steel numbersound can seem regular ordered and beautiful when played as music conversely noise just seems disorganized and number but both consist of sound waves and one person music may be another noise e g parents may be number that their teenager music is noise numberere are three basic characteristics number to the nature of sound frequency amplitude and waveform frequency number to pitch amplitude determines how loud a wave sounds as indicated by the decibel number the waveform leads to a distinctive timbre or quality of sound for any particular musical instrument these characteristics combine to produce a sound distinctive to that instrument the same applies to human voices and even animal sounds original composition by norbert schmitt number words b think about the different kinds of music you particularly like and dislike what are the qualities that typify your favorite kind of music what are the qualities of music you dislike write an essay in which you compare the two types of music consider whether the two kinds of music are really so different or whether it is only a matter of personal preference unit number chapter number ultrasonics super sound number getting started discuss the following question with your classmates number we normally think of sound as noise or music name some other purposeful uses of sound consider the following areas the detection of underwater objects medical applications industrial applications number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words accumulate detect inspect shift brief enormous integrity spherical channel generating medicine thereby chart implement minimal uniformity component incidence monitor version convert inhibited option visualized number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on physics which focuses specifically on sound as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold ultrasonics numbersound surrounds us everyday much of it pleasant but some of it annoying in the form of noise pollution however a large percentage of the sound around us is imperceptible to the human ear this ultrasonic sound is now being harnessed to provide a range of benefits to society numberultrasonics refers to waves whose frequencies lie above the audible range ultrasonic frequencies range from about number khz the upper frequency for human hearing to about number number x number hz the maximum frequency of sound waves one complete vibration per second number hertz hz the table below gives the range of hearing for humans and selected animals it becomes clear that despite the relatively large range of sound perception in people the hearing range of many other species extends beyond ours on both the upper and lower ends many of us have used a dog whistle the frequency of which is too high for us to hear but still well within the range of hearing of dogs most of us are also familiar with the idea of bats generating ultrasonic frequencies to both navigate and obtain flying insects for food range of hearing for a variety of life forms humans cats dogs horses elephants cattle bats grasshoppers rodents whales dolphins number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz number number number hz numberultrasonics is one of the most rapidly growing areas of science and technology with a large number of very important recent innovations in such diverse fields as medicine and high tech industrial machining the device most often used to both produce and detect ultrasonic waves is the piezoelectric transducer a crystal made of material which can convert both electrical fluctuations into mechanical vibrations and mechanical vibrations into electrical energy piezoelectric crystals can be formed into various shapes e g flat or spherical which shoot out ultrasonic waves in particular patterns for example a convex surface will spread the waves widely and a concave surface will channel waves into a beam that will focus to a point numberone of the simplest applications of the use of ultrasound is in sonar by sending out brief bursts of ultrasound and measuring the time it takes to reflect off some object the distance to the object can be determined if the velocity of sound in the medium is known this procedure can be used to chart the depth of lakes or oceans or to locate and track submarines under water even small boats have sonic ranging devices to warn them of shallow water and thus prevent them from running aground many large fishing trawlers are equipped with sonic ranging devices that aid them in locating schools of fish with great efficiency numberperhaps the most significant contemporary applications of ultrasound lie in the field of medicine because ultrasound readily reflects off cells it can be used to measure blood in places where there is no other simple procedure ultrasonic devices exist that can be readily aimed along an artery under investigation to measure blood flow allowing immediate determination of the effectiveness of that artery one version of this device uses a number megahertz mhz beam that reflects off arterial blood different blood flow rates will cause slight shifts in sound which are processed by the device so that they can be heard directly by the physician numberperhaps the most well known application of ultrasound among the general public is in making sonograms or ultrasonic pictures of the fetus at early stages in its development to determine that growth is proceeding normally the sonogram of the living fetus during pregnancy has in fact become virtually synonymous with ultrasound for many new parents who observe the fetus on a video monitor with excitement as it moves about within the mother now more than half of all pregnant women choose the option of having sonograms at some time during their pregnancy an enormous change from twenty years ago when the incidence of sonograms was virtually nonexistent numberwhereas these diagnostic applications of ultrasound involve relatively low intensity levels surgical applications generally involve substantially higher levels perhaps the most well known high intensity application involves the break up of kidney stones with minimal or no use of surgery the focusing of intense ultrasonic beams onto small internal regions can also be used to create local heating this technique has been used to relieve pains in joints especially in the back and shoulder by focusing ultrasound onto a cancerous region creating local heating it is believed that the cancer can be inhibited or destroyed while leaving the surrounding region unaffected numberjust as in medical diagnostics ultrasonics has several industrial nondestructive testing applications because sound waves move more efficiently through metals they can be used to probe more deeply than x rays because they reflect more readily off small faults or other changes in the material than do x rays they are useful in identifying relatively small structural problems such as holes cracks or corrosion in materials ultrasound is used to inspect welds establish the uniformity and quality of poured concrete and monitor metal fatigue as a result of the three mile island nuclear reactor accident an increased number of ultrasonic inspection procedures have been implemented on the structural components in nuclear reactors numberperhaps the most widespread use of high energy ultrasound is in ultrasonic cleaning ultrasonic waves are introduced into small tanks of liquid into which objects such as jewelry surgical instruments or small machinery are placed for cleaning bubbling of the liquid as well as the vibrations result in a powerful cleaning action thereby removing even the dirt that has accumulated in hard to reach places in the objects numberultrasonics are even used by industry to cut and drill materials for example a process known as ultrasonic drilling can be used to form holes of virtually any shape in materials such as glass or ceramics which are very difficult to drill using standard techniques without compromising the integrity of the material numbermany of the above applications of ultrasound were developed relatively recently given that ultrasound technology is constantly improving it is not difficult to visualize a future where ultrasound is utilized even more widely than today adapted from r e berg and d g stork the physics of sound number prentice hall pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number which life form has the narrowest range of hearing which has the widest how does these compare to humans number how does sonar work in practice number list three medical uses of ultrasound do you know anyone who has benefited from the use of ultrasound number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer number most parents make only brief visits to their children classrooms and so lack a clear understanding of their children school experience looking directly at the sun even for very brief periods can cause serious eye damage a nearly perfect b strong and easy to see c continuing for a short time number a lot of money has been channeled into cancer research all of the student energy was channeled into achieving a perfect grade point average a to communicate a b to control or direct something c to subtract from message toward a particular purpose something number john harrison invention of the chronometer a type of clock won out over attempts to determine longitude at sea by charting the stars george mason and jeremiah dixon were two surveyors sent from england to chart the border between the maryland and pennsylvania colonies a to give reasons to b to make a map of an area c to study the stars and the support an idea of land ocean or stars planets number sound financial administration and control are the chief components of a successful humanitarian relief operation the cable based internet network was having problems with two key components the server computers that send the data and the cable modems that translate it a parts that make up a b the quality of being human c a task or a piece of work machine or system number it was estimated that the new taxes would generate number million in new revenue the western region of the united states has numerous hydro electric dams which generate relatively inexpensive clean energy a to produce or make b to hide c to expand number the incidence of malaria has been rising in recent years children from homes were the parents are actively interested in education have a significantly lower incidence of absence for school a how long something takes b high quality c the number of times something happens number it is important to keep food in the refrigerator at number�c or colder to inhibit bacterial growth smoking by a pregnant mother can inhibit the normal development of her unborn baby a improve b prevent growth or development c move quickly number with blackouts becoming more commonplace many are beginning to question the integrity of the north american electrical network on startup computers automatically do an internal check of the integrity of all their components a being in good condition b indicating problems c made of many pieces number earthquakes are actually shifts in the earth tectonic plates for the united states wwi marked a shift from isolationism towards international engagement a change or movement b high point c strong feeling number if the spherical surface of a billiard ball were expanded to the size of the earth it would have higher mountains and deeper valleys than the earth saturn is not perfectly spherical in shape rather it is quite flattened at its poles a smooth b rough c round number the black death killed about a third of europe population thereby creating a labor shortage and strengthening the position of the working man the employers broke off the negotiations thereby eliminating any chance of compromise with the unions a calculate the size b showing a contrast c with the result that of something something else happens number gymnasts often visualize themselves going through their routine in preparation for their actual performance a person vocabulary can be visualized as a complex spider web with each word being connected to others in a kind of network a form a picture of something b move something from c become more interesting in your mind one place to another or exciting number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of the word across parts of speech write the meaning of each target word in your own words number social security is a savings system whereby taxes collected from salaries accumulate over time to pay retiree benefits as most athletes know fatigue and cramping is occurs when lactic acid accumulates in the muscles after a period of strenuous exercise accumulate number you have to convert the distances from miles to kilometers photosynthesis is the process whereby plants convert sunlight into food convert number many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early hyenas can detect smells humans cannot because the smell detecting membranes in their noses are fifty times larger detect number the sahara is an enormous desert in northern africa there is enormous pressure at the deepest parts of the ocean number number pounds per square inch at a depth of number number feet enormous number the new company president was expected to implement the plan his predecessor had developed the government wanted to implement the committee recommendations on urban transportation but did not feel they had the resources to do so implement number divers had to swim under the ship in order to inspect for damage after the collision with the iceberg customs officials inspect the goods brought into a country in order to stop illegal substances and biological pests from entering inspect number today doctors can cure many previously untreatable illnesses but the cost of cutting edge medicine is sometimes prohibitive modern medicine dates from the beginning of the number century when william harvey confirmed the heart role in circulating blood medicine number the nepalese government strives to ensure that the impact of climbers on their mountain environment is minimal in wwii allied bombs caused only minimal damage to the german submarine fleet because it was protected by concrete structures when at harbor minimal number a good boss will monitor the performance of his employees and provide them with additional training where necessary american unumber spy planes were able to monitor the movements of the soviet missiles during the number cuban missile crisis monitor number the best option is often paying more initially for a higher quality product than paying less less for a product which may soon fail the ceo had the option of taking either a cash bonus or additional company stock option number operating protocols in large multinational companies ensure a uniformity of practice across different countries of the world although some countries pride themselves on their cultural uniformity discussions on sensitive issues still bring out a wide variety of opinions uniformity number the latest version of the software program is twice as fast but also requires twice as much memory most film critics consider hitchcock original version of psycho to be superior to modern remakes version b word families in the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used read each sentence carefully and decide whether the correct form has been used or not pay careful attention to the position of the word in the sentence put x next to sentences in which the wrong form has been used draw a line through any incorrect form and write the correct form above it number the spherical geodesic dome is the lightest strongest structure ever devised number many of the lyrics and visualization images of popular songs are about love number botanists analyze newly discovered plants for potential medicinal value number the politician convert to the strikers cause was seen as opportunistic number even world class athletes may be overwhelmed by the enormously of an event like the olympics number many parents choose to limit their career moves in order to minimal disruption to their children lives number the supreme court affirmed the right of congress to withhold federal funds from states which did not adopt a uniform minimum drinking age of number number universities now have access to software that can detection plagiarism number the amount of pollution generation by factories must be controlled number there was a marked shift in public opinion toward the city council decision to install cctv c collocation match each target word in the box with the group of words that regularly occur with it this symbol indicates that the target word comes before the word in the list version monitor component channel chart accumulate implement brief option integrity number number number number number wealth money history progress policy capital sales mention performance recommendations power funds sojourn compliance strategy points energy introduction standards reforms number number number number number attractive structural abridged essential a career path easy territorial edited key a course for preferred scientific updated basic the direction of soft financial standard vital the journey from number expansion a sound is all around us in many forms speech music and noise but how much do you know about sound and related areas like music and hearing take the following trivia test and see how many little known facts you know about these topics compare your results with a partner sound trivia number the note concert a now number hz has varied enormously through history what has been its range a from number hz b from number hz c from number hz number music pitch shifts through which of the following sequences a bass?soprano?alto?tenor b bass?tenor?soprano?alto c bass?tenor?alto?soprano number humans can detect sounds of a higher pitch than a dogs b whales c elephants number the highest note a piano can generate is about number number hz what is the lowest note it can produce a about number hz b about number hz c about number hz number the incidence of deafness in the u s is about number person per a number b number c number number versions of metal trumpets date from about a number century b c b number a d number a d number which would inhibit the transmission of sound best a a number inch brick wall b a number inch wood panel c a vacuum number the accumulated output of stradivari is amazing around number instruments including violins violas and cellos about how many still survive today a number b number c number number sound travels at approximately number meters per second thereby making it faster than a light b bullets c the fastest trains number which of these are not appropriate to inspect by ultrasound techniques a space shuttle wings b lungs of medical patients c cast iron b do you know any other interesting facts about sound and its related areas write a composition expanding on one of the trivia facts above or one of your own unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary correcting composition errors when giving feedback on compositions instructors commonly use correction symbols to indicate the location of errors and then ask students to correct them themselves these are some commonly used correction symbols read the following essay which is a slightly revised version of one written by a real student some of the errors in the composition are indicated by the correction symbols given above the first error has been corrected below notice how information from the dictionary was used to correct the error now correct the remaining errors use your dictionary to help you example in the essay when we arrived in a restaurant corrected version at a restaurant we normally use the preposition in when arrive is followed by a city or country name we use at when it is followed by a generic place what has been the most important political technological or cultural development in your country in your lifetime the most important technological development in my life is the mobile phone when i was in high school everyone use a beeper because that was best thing we had the reason being there were no mobile phones at that time however beepers have many disadvantage including that we have to go to find a telephone booth if we want to check it we do not know until checked by telephone whether it is an emergency or not moreover if we are far away from telephone booth it is very difficult to check it immediately i had one bad experience before i was a high school graduation i was in mountain with my friends my mother contacted me by beeper and it was an emergency however i did not know who wanted to contact me and what for i thought it was not important so i checked it number hours later when we arrived in a restaurant then i realized my grand father was sick my family was waiting for me to go to the hospital after the bad experience if i received a message as soon as possible i went out to check it this happened even though it was not serious i had to spend a lot of time going to the telephone booth even though it was my study time by chance mobile phone comes out it is more expensive then a beeper however i can reduce the time to go out for check messages it was absolutely convenience number strategy keyword technique one of the most effective ways to remember words is the keyword technique a great deal of research has found that it is superior to many other strategies such as rote repetition using synonyms and placing words in a meaningful sentence of course you will not be able to use it for every word but it is a useful strategy worth learning you have already been briefly introduced to the technique in the word card description in the introduction to this book the initial step is finding a word in your first language that sounds like the second language word you want to remember if you are french speaker learning the english word poison you might use the french word poisson fish as the keyword the next step is to make a mental image combining the two concepts fish and poison you might think of a fish in an industrial toxic waste pond when you hear the word poison it will trigger the keyword image which will allow you to access the meaning of poison from the image be creative when making the keyword images the more unusual the image the more likely you are to remember it now select several words from this unit and try using the keyword technique with them number word knowledge academic words and do make and take the basic verbs do make and take are used with hundreds of other words including academic words examples include make a purchase and take medicine often more than one of these basic verbs can be used with an academic word although leading to different meaning senses the company decided to do a survey to determine how well their new product might sell ask people for their opinions the archaeologists decided to make a survey of the area to see if the ancient roman settlement they were looking for existed below the surface make a physical examination however in most cases one of the verbs is preferred a member of the audience raised her hand to indicate that she wished to make a comment x he wanted to take a comment on the new law x many of shareholders wish to do a comment on the fall in the company share price in the following sentences decide which of the verbs do make and take are most appropriate and write that verb in the blank the first one is done for you number companies who make investments in their employee training have a much better chance of retaining their skilled workers number they decided to the scenic route home even though it was a little longer number the school employment relationship is a complex one which the interpretation of graduate employment statistics a hazardous business number the small no frills airlines a different approach to flying than their larger competitors and many are increasingly successful number a good education enables people to a contribution to society number after collecting wind tunnel data the engineer was ready to a preliminary design of the new car shape number the company designed the new building in the winter but hoped to the construction during the summer when the weather was favorable number many cities encourage people to public transportation instead of driving number the chairman asked the secretary to a brief summary of the main points of the meeting number people who always the easy option may find themselves missing out on many opportunities unit number chapter number endangered elephants number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates name some species animal or plant that are in danger of extinction what are the greatest threats to these species does your culture use ivory what kinds of things are or have been made from ivory number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words accommodate enforce mechanism resolution appendix financial pose restore automatic ignorance prime scheme committed incentive rational scope compensate initially recovery suspend displace irrelevant registration welfare number reading the following passage comes from a text which discusses saving the african elephant through the controlled trade of ivory as you read the following passage pay special attention to the words in bold saving the african elephant using international law and trade numbere elephant is perhaps the best known and most visible symbol of african wildlife however it continues to face two serious threats to its existence the first is ivory trade there is little doubt that the international trade in ivory was largely responsible for the crash in elephant populations between number and number demand for ivory in japan and the west forced up ivory prices high prices created an incentive to poach and poaching devastated the population to combat this the convention on international trade in endangered species cites placed the elephant on its list of protected animals the cites appendix number endangered list which created a ban on ivory trade it is clear that placing elephants on the appendix number list played a vital role in closing down demand for ivory in reducing the incentive to poach elephants and in the precarious population recovery that has followed numberif poaching were the only threat to the african elephant the case would be open and shut the ivory ban has worked well and it should be continued unfortunately a second major threat is habitat loss poaching is more dangerous than habitat loss in the sense that it can devastate populations with extraordinary speed it was the prime reason for the death of approximately number number animals in a single decade fully half of the world african elephants on the other hand poaching is controllable poaching is driven by demand for a product whose uses are irrelevant to the necessities of life and which can easily be dispensed with it flourishes where municipal enforcement regimes are weak or corrupt numberhabitat loss poses more ominous problems it moves slowly the annual population growth of sub saharan africa is approximately number per year loss of elephant habitat is very roughly comparable and it is barring an unthinkable epidemic unstoppable africa population is the fastest growing in the world doubling in a generation the africa of the western imagination endless savannahs full of game with virtually no people will largely be gone before today young africans have grown old never to be restored numberone thing can save the land on which the african elephant lives that is the knowledge that more income can be generated by leaving it as elephant range land than can be generated by turning it into farmland or into settled communities possible sources for such income are the tourist trade limited sport hunting and the tightly controlled harvest of ivory commercial trade like this if properly managed can generate a financial incentive to protect the elephant and its habitat as long as the people who benefit from the commercial use of the elephant are the same people who must pay the costs of supporting it and its range numbervarious schemes to do this can be envisaged the simplest is one in which the ivory trade is banned forever but in which countries and organizations that wish to conserve the elephant pay compensation the best system would likely be one in which landowners public or private were paid a price at least equal to the value of each animal ivory for every elephant kept alive in its original habitat willingness to pay surveys apparently indicate that the general public in western europe and north america might be willing to take on that burden strangely however no mechanism for doing this has yet been suggested numberanother option would be an exclusive marketing scheme in which ivory was traded the core of such a system would have to be an agreement between exporting countries who are committed to managing their herds at sustainable levels and importing countries who were both willing and able to enforce import controls requiring them to accept ivory from approved exporting countries alone ivory could be taken for registration to a single point of export controlled and supervised by cites the cites center would accept ivory only from states deemed to have met strict conservation criteria once exported ivory samples would be randomly tested at regular intervals to determine their place of origin ivory from anywhere other than cites approved states would be confiscated and the importing nation fined in the first instance and suspended from the scheme in the case of repeated offenses this scheme might start small initially and later be expanded if successful such expansion could be implemented by a resolution within the cites framework numberone problem is that actual enforcement of such schemes is by no means automatic considerations like the corruption or powerlessness of officials ignorance and apathy must be fully addressed in the program implementation for them to be successful numberif schemes like these are not put into place what is the future of the elephant the appendix number listing for the elephant will create a welfare environment for elephant conservation in africa those countries that support the ivory ban will for a time find themselves richly compensated by various western groups those countries that defy the ivory ban will lose the handouts offered to the more compliant nations but are unlikely to offset this loss by a gain in ivory trade because there will not be a market for it numberus a pattern will emerge as time goes by in east africa where countries generally support the ban the great parks will prosper as will the elephant populations within their confines however elephants beyond the scope of the parks will disappear almost altogether in southern africa where the ban is often looked upon with skepticism the opposite will happen the parks once the pride of africa will become less effective due to lack of revenue beyond the parks however the decline of the elephant will be slower so long as private sport hunting is allowed and profitable farmers and communities will put an effort into protecting the elephants that live on their land numberin the end however the charity of western donors towards elephant preservation will be outbalanced by the massive human population growth in africa the parks even in countries that have accommodated western interests will become embattled many will be lost and their elephants displaced numbere elephant will not become extinct but by the end of the first quarter of the number century the great herds that could still be seen in many parts of africa in the numbers will largely be gone much of this will have come about largely through a failure to see the effect to which a rational use of international trade and law could have been put adapted from d harland killing game international law and the african elephant number praeger publishers pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number why does the author believe that the cites ivory trade ban will not save the elephants number according to the author how can the elephants can be saved number do you support a total ban on ivory trade or do you feel that controlled trade is a better option to save the elephant give reasons for your point of view number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words on the left with their definitions on the right if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pp number then check your dictionary set number number committed a the act of recording names and details on an official list number registration b to officially stop something from continuing especially for a number ignorance short time number resolution c willing to work very hard at something number accommodate d a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of number compensate people especially after a vote number suspend e to pay someone money because they have suffered injury loss or damage f lack of knowledge or information about something g to accept someone opinions or needs and try to do what they want especially when your ideas differ set number number recovery a relating to money or the management of money number enforce b not useful in or not relating to a particular situation number pose c money paid by the government to people who are poor do number irrelevant not have jobs are sick etc number financial d a part at the end of a book or paper containing additional number welfare information number appendix e to make someone obey a rule or law especially by punishing those who do not obey it f to exist in a way that may cause a problem danger or difficulty g the process of returning to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym for the numbered word cross it out number automatic certain number prime major desired chief sure simple guaranteed principal number displace take number rational reasonable move economical relocate logical transfer sensible number incentive encouragement number restore re establish permission return motivation bring back reason develop number initially at the start number scheme method to begin with association at the outset system in a small way plan number mechanism ruling number scope instrument procedure range system extent method reach b word families number the table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the rest of the table x indicates that there is not a form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table noun verb adjective adverb accommodate x no form compensate x displace x number number financial ignorance x x x irrelevant rational number registration number x restore x suspend x number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide number a the views of the two parties in the dispute were so far apart that any chance of accommodation seemed impossible b the petitioners had expected the committee to be in a more frame of mind so were surprised when their proposal was voted down number a the court ordered the company to compensate the community for polluting their water supply with a payment of number million b workers have the right to if they are injured on the job number a a displaced person is someone who has been forced to leave their own country and live somewhere else often because of war b the of the cherokee indians from their homelands to a reservation in oklahoma is one of the most shameful episodes in american history number a most people do not have enough money to buy their home directly so they finance the purchase with a mortgage b in order to be secure in one old age it is best to start in building building up investments and a pension early in life number a ignorance of the law is no excuse for not obeying the law b many of today young people remain of their cultural and historical heritage number a for many young people in europe the old monarchies are an irrelevance b the student composition on the american civil war included an discussion of women fashion during that period number a there is still no rational explanation for some of the unsolved ufo phenomena b some people their lack of physical activity by asserting that they do not wish to pick up an injury from exercise number a japanese couples register in their city hall to become officially married b the numbers of u s aircraft begin with the letter n canadian numbers begin with c and british numbers with g number a the restored table from the louis xiv period was in fine condition and was expected to attract high bids at the auction b classic car clubs can be found in each of the lower number states number a the driver had his license suspended for one year after receiving his fourth speeding ticket b the negotiated cease fire required the of all military activity by both sides at number midnight c collocation each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners number students who see no connection between what they are learning and their career goals have little incentive to study hard at school in countries with surplus energy there is little incentive to develop alternative fuel sources poor farmers have little incentive to grow crops for export if they get little profit number watchdog groups serve as a feedback mechanism for the news media manufacturers and service providers forcing them to defend their practices quality management systems rely on effective feedback mechanisms to direct comments and ideas from employees to management student questionnaires are the most common feedback mechanism used in universities number the easy availability of credit cards poses a financial risk to many people who have difficulty controlling their spending chemical seepage from pesticides and herbicides into lakes and rivers can pose health risks to users of these water sources cars traveling at high speeds on residential streets pose a considerable safety risk to young children number many patients consult their doctors on environmental psychiatric and religious matters which are beyond the scope of a medical education teachers must aim to design activities which are not beyond the beyond the scope of even their weakest students a full discussion of first language acquisition is beyond the scope of this book number broadly categorizing all welfare recipients as members of the underclass prevents us from understanding the full range of circumstances that lead to poverty the reality is that most programs designed to aid welfare recipients force them to take low paying jobs which do provide sufficient income to support a family impoverished parents especially welfare recipients are sometimes viewed as irresponsible and therefore unfit to care for their children number the united nations committee on the rights of the child adopted a resolution urging the state to address all issues of social discrimination against children the international civil aviation organization adopted a resolution calling for a more coordinated approach to the problem of aircraft noise the european parliament adopted a resolution to set up the temporary committee on improving safety at sea number the accounting profession needs to develop a comprehensive program of standards and enforce them vigorously it the responsibility of utilities boards to both set and enforce water standards the national traffic and motor vehicle safety act authorizes the government to enforce safety standards on the automotive industry number sufferers of addiction have a better chance of sustained recovery if family members attend associated family therapy programs there was some seasonal improvement in the second three months of the year but firm evidence of sustained recovery in the housing market is yet to appear the greatest threat to sustained economic recovery is excessive government borrowing over the medium term number because of its poor performance the local branch of the company was a prime candidate for closure new graduates are prime candidates for entry level jobs because companies can train them in their own systems picnickers are prime candidates for food poisoning because the food has often sat several hours in the hot sun before being consumed number evidence suggests that in pre industrial britain there was no automatic assumption that children would take financial responsibility for elderly parents the modern phenomenon of trial by media is based on an automatic assumption of guilt even though we are supposed to assume innocence in some cultures there is an automatic assumption that a woman will stop working when she gets married or if not then when she has children number expansion a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a partner number governments should be allowed to drug test welfare recipients number sometimes the appendices contain the most interesting information in a book or article number if anti war protesters are truly committed to their cause they should be willing to go to jail for their beliefs number the initial impression that a person gives to others has a long lasting effect on their opinions of that person number if a scheme to make money sounds too good to be true it probably is number anyone convicted of involvement with illegal drugs should automatically be given a prison sentence number traditional views of family are becoming increasingly irrelevant in today world number the ability to think rationally is the most important product of a university education number it is possible to compensate for a lack of talent or ability by working harder than others number the disparity in wealth between the world developed and developing countries poses serious problems for today world b now choose one of the above topics and write a short essay expressing your views be sure to provide support for your opinions unit number chapter number animals how human number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates think of an animal it may be a pet a farm animal or an animal in the wild what characteristics does this animal have is it intelligent loyal arrogant anthropomorphism is the practice of describing or thinking of animals in terms of human characteristics or feelings are there any problems with thinking of animals in this way what are the key characteristics that separate humans from other animals number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words abstract funding invoke revise coherent immigrate paradigm scenario context institute physically sequence drama intelligence previously simulate erode intrinsic publish submit focus investigation reverse successive number reading the following passage discusses the abilities and behaviors of chimpanzees as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold chimpanzees our closest relative numberrecent documentaries and news articles reporting on ape language may invoke visions of the classic planet of the apes movies in this series of films humans use the capacity of apes to learn and perform tasks to train them to be slaves the apes eventually revolt and win control of the planet they then go on to develop a society that looks both physically and socially very much like number century human civilization at the time the films were made the fact that the apes could all speak english appeared to be just another hollywood special effect to add to the drama of the films however research relating to language and other skills is forcing us to revise our understanding of primate capabilities and to examine more carefully the evolutionary links between them and us numberhumans have always had a special interest in apes because of our intrinsic similarities we have nonetheless continued to regard them as separate from ourselves and in so doing justify our domination over them and all other animals the strongest argument separating humans and apes has always revolved around the mind the need for the mind to symbolize the difference between species became even stronger after genetic research showed us that humans and chimpanzees share number number of our dna the chimpanzee is closer to the human than to its other primate cousin the gorilla numberwhen we look at what are commonly thought to be the products of the human mind language rational thought music art and culture we can see that research with chimpanzees has begun to erode this difference a number of governmental science foundations and university research institutes have supplied the necessary funding to examine more carefully whether or not chimpanzees are in fact capable of a number of behaviors previously considered to be unique to humans these include the ability to use rational and logical thought learn and use language intentionally teach their offspring develop culture numberwith regard to rational thought humans have often been defined as the only species able to make tools to a set and regular pattern in number jane goodall went to lake tanganyika on the border between tanzania and the congo to study the behavior of chimpanzees living in the wild while observing two male chimpanzees fishing for termites she made the discovery that not only could chimpanzees use tools these two chimpanzees were altering twigs by stripping off their leaves to make them more useful for the purpose of fishing other researchers have since published reports of tool making behaviors among other groups of chimpanzees including using sticks or rocks to open nuts or crumpled leaves to soak up drinking water that is hard to get to numbere question of chimpanzee intelligence was submitted to more controlled investigation by sarah boysen and the chimpanzee sheba at the chimpanzee center at ohio state university sheba has demonstrated throughout successive studies the ability to count and to understand the abstract concept of zero she and other chimpanzees at the center have gone from learning simple counting procedures to more advanced numerical processes like fractions addition and subtraction numberanother line of research aims to discover whether apes have the capacity to learn language early research where chimpanzees were taught sign language focused on the animals ability to produce language this research followed behaviorist views of how humans learn languages a paradigm shift in the study of human language has enabled new approaches to research in the area of ape language current research focuses on comprehension of language researchers at georgia state university have found that young chimpanzees can learn to use symbols for communication simply by watching their mothes use these symbols the question these researchers have to answer is whether this communication is evidence of real language use and not some other behavior numberan important difference between the original tool discovery and the language and number research is that the first was conducted by observing the behavior of chimpanzees in the context of their natural environment investigations of ape language and numeracy capabilities have only been conducted with chimpanzees who have been placed in a human environment or zoos or reserves which can only simulate a natural habitat studies of chimpanzee culture on the other hand have been conducted both at zoos and in the wild numberdetermining whether or not chimpanzees have culture depends first on agreeing a coherent definition of culture among humans behavioral diversity is considered to be one aspect of culture primate researchers have found clear evidence of diversity in primate use of tools some chimpanzees use stones to crack open nuts while others do not some use sticks to fish for termites while others do not when chimpanzees immigrate from one group to another there is some evidence that behaviors may be transferred diversity alone though is not thought to be sufficient to claim that chimpanzees have culture whether chimpanzees pass these behaviors on through teaching is seen to be key numberexperiments have been conducted to compare chimpanzee learning with children learning in one such experiment an adult human demonstrated to a chimpanzees and number year old children the use of a rake like tool to enable them to reach food and other objects outside of their normal reach both groups learned to use the tool but while the human children worked to reproduce the exact technique of the demonstrator the chimps did not they appeared to use individualized learning strategies the human children imitation requires not just noticing the sequence of actions of the demonstrator but also understanding the intention behind those actions the more functional learning of the chimpanzees focuses on the end result rather than the process this has led some researchers to conclude that although chimpanzee cultural traditions may exist they are qualitatively different from and therefore not linked to human cultural traditions numberwhile a planet of the apes scenario seems unlikely the research to date indicates that many of the differences separating humans from chimpanzees may be more a matter of degree than a clear cut dichotomy for any who are worried that this may lead to further blurring of the lines between the species jane goodall words indicate the reverse is true only when we are clear about the similarities between chimpanzee and human will we be able to recognize the real differences original composition by diane schmitt number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what are the primary differences both known and hypothesized between humans and primates number why is it important to distinguish between chimpanzee behaviors observed in the wild and those observed in human environments number if researchers are able to find further support for chimpanzee rational thought language ability intentional teaching and culture what are some potential consequences number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading number invoke number a to use a law principle or theory to support your views b to make a particular idea image feeling appear in people minds number physically number a in relation to the body rather than the mind or soul b done using violent or forceful body movements number drama number a a movie television program play etc that is serious rather than humorous b an exciting and unusual situation or set of events number publish number a to arrange for a book magazine etc to be written printed and sold b to have your research printed in journals or books for people to read number intelligence number a the ability to learn understand and think about things b information about the secret activities of foreign governments or militaries number submit number a to give a plan piece of writing idea etc to someone for them to consider or approve b to agree to obey a person group set of rules etc or to agree to do something especially because you have no choice number abstract number a existing only as an idea or quality rather than as something real you can see or touch b a short written statement of the most important ideas in a speech article etc number paradigm number a a particular way of doing something or thinking about something which is generally accepted or copied b a very clear or typical example of something number focus number a to pay special attention to a particular person or thing instead of others b to change the position of the lens on a camera telescope etc so that you can see something clearly number context number a the situation events or information that are related to something and help you to understand it better b the words and sentences that come before and after a particular word and that help you understand the meaning of the word number sequence number a the order that events or actions happen in or are supposed to happen in b a series of related events actions etc which have a particular order and usually lead to a particular result a sequence of events number reverse number a a defeat or a problem that delays your plans b the exact opposite of what has just been mentioned the reverse number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box coherent investigation erode previously scenario revise successive intrinsic institute simulate immigrate funding number the ability to develop and convincing arguments is one of the most challenging elements of good academic writing clear reasoned number high rates of inflation can dramatically the buying power of retirees fixed incomes wear away reduce number cuts in government for the arts are forcing some museums to look elsewhere for support money financial support number wars famine and lack of employment are three of the main reasons people to other countries move relocate number the smithsonian sponsors a number of the most popular museums in washington d c including the air and space museum organization association number dinner plates and other items salvaged from the titanic have little value but their historical interest makes them priceless natural fundamental number the fbi carries out into criminal behavior throughout the united states examinations research number today elderly are often capable of far more than has been assumed formerly up to that time number the government was forced to its growth forecasts downwards when the economy did not improve change modify number a common in the genre of science fiction is where aliens from outer space invade the earth situation set of circumstances number airline pilots emergency situations in regular training sessions so that they can react quickly when a real emergency occurs suggest imitate number the japanese economy peaked in the early numbers but then it became increasingly troubled in years later following b word families number most of the words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective verb and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below word families table noun verb adjective adverb coherence cohere coherent coherently erosion erode number eroded number erosive x number immigration number immigrant immigrate x x intelligence x intelligent intelligently number investigation number investigator investigate number investigative number investigatory x number publisher number publication publish published x revision revise revised x number simulation number simulator simulate simulated x submission submit submitted x number succession number successor x successive successively nouns verbs adjectives adverb number identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank use the word families table above to help you number the speaker spoke persuasively and coherence about the dangers of global warming number soil erode is a major problem in many dry and windy parts of the world number it is estimated that over four million immigrate came to the u s in the period between number and number number many animal psychologists believe that on average pigs are more intelligence than dogs number lewis and clark were sent to investigation the western lands which the u s bought from france in the louisiana purchase of number number the publish of the former first lady memoirs was eagerly awaited by the press number journal articles typically go through several revise before they are published number some driver education programs use a simulate so that students can get accustomed to the controls before beginning lessons in a real car number the negotiators hoped to agree a treaty in time for submit to the current united nations general assembly number the thirteen original states ratified the constitution in quick successive between december number and may number c collocation each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose which of the three collocations from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence number a cubism is a type of abstract art b mathematics can be difficult because it is basically concerned with understanding abstract concepts c abstract nouns describe feelings qualities or states rather than objects animals or people d love is an which most people can easily comprehend number a crime and the causes of crime must be considered within their social context b the cuban missile crisis took place in a specific historical context in terms of the american soviet power relationship c the closure of the factory was a setback but not a major one in the wider context of a generally buoyant economic recovery d the value of newspaper advertising must be judged within the of a firm overall promotion strategy number a the primary focus of attention for the new principal was to obtain increased funding for his high school b the focus of interest in the stock markets during the numbers was technology stocks c the relationship between memory capacity and the ability to learn has been the focus of considerable research d new methods of inhibiting cancer growth have been the of intense number a in recognition of the intrinsic value of higher education many countries do not charge tuition fees at state run universities b most people would like to believe that the intrinsic nature of humanity is good c the most important intrinsic property of a diamond is its hardness its financial value on on the other hand derives from its desirability and limited supply d intense competitiveness is part of the of most world class athletes number a u s presidents can invoke special powers under the national railway act of number to declare a number day cooling off period before a union strike takes place b if one country feels it is being discriminated against in trade it can invoke anti trade rules against the offending country c invoking economic sanctions against a country is one way of putting pressure on it to reform without going to war d if the payment of fines does not deter a offender the state may criminal and send that person to prison number a a new paradigm in the study of language is the notion that humans learn languages mainly by recognizing patterns in language rather than by learning rules b art noveau was the dominant artistic paradigm at the turn of the number century c wegener theory of continental drift eventually lead to a paradigm shift in the earth sciences d mobile telephones are causing a in communications as people are now contactable nearly everywhere they go number a the poor physical conditions of medieval towns facilitated the spread of bubonic plague b the ancient greeks believed that the physical world is made up of four elements earth fire air and water c the mission of the organization an francisco beautiful is the improvement of the city physical environment and ranges from removing graffiti to planting trees d the committee concluded that overcrowding at the prison led to unsanitary and unsafe number a the higher court reversed the decision of the district court b the rising cost of living and a disappointing stock market may reverse the trend towards early retirement c during the daytime winds generally blow in from the sea to the land at night they generally blow in the reverse direction d the revolt in the stockholders meeting forced the board to their to cut dividends by number number a during the cold war period a devastating nuclear holocaust was always a possible scenario b unless global warming is halted the flooding of vast areas of low lying coastal land is an increasingly likely scenario c in the worst case scenario many species of fish which are now over fished will become extinct d the for the company is that they will have to sell all of their assets and declare bankruptcy number a a person ability to remember a random sequence of numbers is one of the best predictors of how well he or she can learn a second language b the reasoning in an academic paper should form a logical sequence with each argument following on from the previous one c archeological evidence has confirmed that human tools were made in the following chronological sequence stone bronze and then iron d novels typically tell a story in a although flashbacks are also a commonly used device number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box coherently paradigm institute previous focus context dramatically funded abstract simulate kanzi a case study of ape language development number the language research center at the georgia state university is a research number that was originally set up and number to teach language to severely retarded children a keyboard full of symbols was developed in order to enable communication with and between these children the work with the keyboard was then extended to chimpanzees in order to determine whether or not they were capable of human like communication through language number new research with both children and chimpanzees seemed to suggest that language acquisition developed out of a combination of number social interaction and social expectancy language learners need to understand that number symbols or words can serve as replacements for real objects and events a number shift was occurring in ape language research as the number moved from production to comprehension number an important breakthrough in this new area of investigation came with a bonobo chimpanzee named kanzi kanzi was an infant who lived with his mother at the language research center his mother received training on understanding the keyboard symbols but kanzi was not trained because he was too young when he was around three years old the researchers wanted to begin language instruction to their surprise kanzi spontaneously used the keyboard to consistently and number communicate his desires for food or play to the researchers because kanzi had had no number training the researchers had to carry out scientific tests to confirm what they were seeing kanzi refused to submit to the standard tests used with other apes so the researchers were forced to number tests through games and daily activities in the forest number kanzi learning environment is number different from that of other chimpanzees who have been trained in laboratories or raised in human homes kanzi and the researchers at georgia state are demonstrating that social interaction and activity in a context that is much more like a real ape environment may provide appropriate stimuli for the development of intentional language use in a non human primate original summary by diane schmitt from kanzi the ape at the brink of the human mind john wiley and sons number words b human rights for animals may sound far fetched however there are legal professionals who are taking this point very seriously in number a bill to grant human rights to great apes was even put before new zealand parliament although the bill was rejected it does raise a number of issues with a partner consider the implications of granting such rights to chimpanzees and other great apes what would be some of the implications of such a policy could it possibly be carried out what might the impact be for both humans and apes organize your ideas and present them to the class after the class discussion write up your ideas as a report unit number chapter number living together advantage or disadvantage number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates do you like being alone or together with others in a group what are some of the advantages of being alone of being a group member how might some of these advantages and disadvantages also apply to animals number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words aggregate definite likewise ratio analogy depress logical react circumstance hierarchy manual release commence hypothesis offset sum concurrent imposing phenomenon temporarily coordinate intervene prospect unified number reading the following passage comes from an introductory textbook on animal behavior as you read it pay special attention to the words in bold the costs and benefits of social behavior numberwhy do some animals live together in groups while others are solitary an analysis of the concurrent benefits and costs of social living can illustrate the reasons because humans are a social species we like to flatter ourselves by believing that sociality must be the most advanced way of life and by analogy also the best for animals it is true that living and cooperating with others has a variety of benefits but as will be shown there is no clear hierarchy between the solitary and the social numberblack headed gulls capture food more easily when they hunt in flocks rather than foraging by themselves a pride of lions acting in a unified manner can better defend a hunting territory than a single lion can a pair of birds can often care for their young better than a single parent can with one parent being released to gather food while the other protects the nest and social prey can coordinate their efforts to repel an enemy more effectively than solitary individuals can numberbut if sociality is so beneficial why are social species so few and far between in most groups of animals perhaps because there are many ecological conditions for which the sum of the costs of living together exceeds the benefits there is no doubt that social life can create extra competition for food as well as the risk that social foragers will be exploited by others within the group as is true with lions likewise animals that live together often face reproductive competition from other group members for example the destruction of eggs is a regular phenomenon within societies of the acorn woodpecker a bird that forms groups containing as many as three breeding females and four breeding males the females place their eggs all in the same nest from which individuals remove and destroy the eggs of their cooperatively breeding companions as females try to maximize the chances of their own offspring numberill another cost of sociality is increased prospect of brood parasitism as the cliff swallow demonstrates this bird nests in groups ranging from a couple of breeding pairs to over number individuals with the swallows building their mud nests shoulder to shoulder under overhanging cliffs bridges and culverts the females sometimes slip into neighboring nests to lay eggs the neighboring swallow usually reacts to this intrusion by tending the extra egg the presence of which apparently depresses her own egg laying rate the probability of this form of brood parasitism is dramatically greater in large colonies than in groups with fewer than ten nesting females numbercliff swallows have to deal with a different kind of parasite as well the swallow bug a blood sucking relative of the notorious bedbug here too a positive correlation exists between the risk of parasitic infestation and the size of cliff swallow colonies in large nesting groups there is a greater chance that an infested adult will be present to seed the colony with these rapidly reproducing pests swallow bugs do most of their reproductive damage to cliff swallows by drinking the blood of swallow babies when nestlings were weighed and the number of bugs attacking them counted it was found that the higher the ratio of bugs per bird the less a number day old nestling weighed in colonies where the aggregate parasite loads were extreme the survival rate of the young declined by as much as number percent numbercliff swallows illustrate that social living is far from an absolute blessing if sociality is to evolve special ecological conditions must intervene so that the many costs of associating with others will be offset by certain benefits to social individuals the primary benefit of social life may be improved success in dealing with predators numberconsider the social bluegill sunfish and its close relative the solitary pumpkinseed sunfish bluegills become temporarily social during the breeding season when groups of number to number males commence building their nests depressions in a sandy lake bottom side by side although it is possible that bluegills nest together in part because some places are better than others for nest building males in the colony derive a definite benefit in terms of a reduction in predator pressure on the eggs deposited in their nests by spawning females for example by defending overlapping territories social males cooperate in offering a united front against egg eating catfish numberbut social bluegills do not get their antipredator benefits for free an individual that nests in a group must intervene to deter his neighbors and other nonnesting bluegills attracted to the group from consuming the eggs in his nest which he has fertilized moreover fungi that destroy eggs may be transmitted from nest to nest in a dense colony these costs reduce the net benefit enjoyed by social bluegills numberin contrast to their bluegill relatives pumpkinseed sunfish do not breed in colonies whereas bluegills have small delicate mouths designed for inhaling small softbodied insects pumpkinseeds have more imposing jaws adapted for picking up crushing and consuming heavy bodied mollusk prey thus although a bluegill cannot manually pick up a snail and cart it away from the nest pumpkinseeds are easily able to do this and may consume their egg loving enemy to boot in addition a bluegill bite does little damage to a nest raiding bullhead catfish but a pumpkinseed attack packs considerably more wallop the fact that pumpkinseeds are relatively free from nest predation and are solitary whereas bluegills are more vulnerable to nest predation and are social supports the hypothesis that social living is adaptive only when there are special conditions conditions that make it possible that certain benefits can counterbalance the clear costs of sociality pumpkinseed sunfish are in no way inferior or less well adapted than bluegills because they are solitary they simply face different ecological circumstances under which colonial nesting would yield reduced individual success as with all animals it is only logical to be social if the benefits outweigh the costs adapted from j alcock animal behavior sinauer associates publishers number pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what is the primary benefit of social life for animals number when is social living not the most advanced way of life in the animal kingdom number what are some possible disadvantages of social living for humans number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer number the aggregate sales for the fourth quarter of the year were down by number her aggregate income from stocks bonds and property rental was over number number per month a amazing b large c total number in biology class the teacher discussed analogies between human and animal behavior the wave movement of light can be understood by analogy with the wave movement of water a comparison of two things b confirmation that c something that appears that seem similar something is true to be difficult number the criminal was given a number year jail term for one robbery and number years for another but since they were to be served concurrently he would only be in jail for number years in total the conference had several concurrent presentations to choose from in any time period a happening before b happening at the same time c happening after something else something else number support for the hypothesis that the earth was round came partly from astronomical observations made possible by the telescope an early hypothesis suggested that malaria was a contagious disease later this was disproved as it was shown to be spread by mosquitoes a an unproved explanation b a way of doing c the weakest part of for something something an argument number in the numbers ronald regan was pursuing a conservative agenda in the u s likewise margaret thatcher was doing a similar thing in the uk language aptitude is a key predictor of how well a second language can be acquired age motivation and use of learning strategies are likewise important a unusually b similarly c basically number in good academic writing arguments are presented in a clear and logical manner given that the student performed exceptionally well in her ba and ma studies it was logical to assume she would also do well in her phd studies a extremely interesting b unusual c seemingly reasonable and sensible number extreme changes in weather have been linked with the el nino phenomenon in the pacific ocean cell phones are a relatively new phenomenon but they may soon make land lines obsolete a something that happens b something that is wasteful c something that is or exists difficult to see number the prospect of finding a good job increases with a college education the development of the jet engine opened up the prospect of supersonic flight a a difficult choice b several things working c the chance of something together happening number the criminal was released from jail after serving his prison sentence in nuclear reactors atoms are either split or fused together releasing energy a combine b set something free c look at something carefully number a saying often used to encourage teamwork is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts the sum of a triangle three angles is number a total b effect c perspective number lazarus sharks can temporarily shut down parts of their brain to avoid damage if they find themselves in low oxygen conditions the eiffel tower was originally meant to be only a temporary attraction for the international exhibition of paris of number yet now it is the symbol of paris a not permanent b as a result of great effort c unusual number the euro is now the unified currency for several european countries by conquering all other warlords hideyoshi toyotomi was able to unify japan and set up a a central government based in tokyo a combine to make a b have doubts about c to have something and not single unit something give it back number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of the word across parts of speech write the meaning of each target word in your own words number the circumstances surrounding the person death were suspicious so the police investigated for murder the vice president can take over from the president in only very specific circumstances circumstances number construction work on the new high school will commence in three weeks once the opening ceremonies of the games were finished the sporting competitions could commence commence number interior decorators coordinate the colors in a room for a pleasing effect the air traffic control system at chicago o hare airport must coordinate around number number takeoffs and landings every day coordinate number in terms of efficiency the internal combustion gasoline engine was a definite improvement over previous external combustion steam engines the unions were tired of the employers vague responses and demanded a definite answer to their questions within seven days definite number an oversupply of skilled workers often has the effect of depressing wages lack of sleep depresses many brain functions including reaction time making driving particularly dangerous depress number in the hierarchy of the u s army a colonel ranks higher than a captain the top court in the american judicial hierarchy is the u s supreme court hierarchy number when it was built the empire state building was a very imposing structure but now it is one of many tall skyscrapers in new york city although mt everest is higher knumber is one of the most imposing mountaineering challenges in the world imposing number the un has intervened militarily in several countries to help suppress civil war before world war ii america leaned towards isolationism and largely refused to intervene in affairs beyond the north american continent intervene number much of the manual work formerly done on farms is now accomplished with machinery the pyramids were built almost entirely with manual labor since the egyptians did not have access to modern machinery manual number the drop in oil prices was completely offset by the new tax therefore the price of gasoline to the consumer remained the same in the quest to feed the world improvements in crop yields have been partially offset by an increase in population offset number the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in water is number thus the formula hnumbero the ratio of women hourly pay compared to men suddenly rose in the numbers from number to over number ratio number the country reacted to the sudden increase of immigrants by closing its borders in order to best help their patients medical personnel must learn not to react emotionally to their patient condition however distressing react b word families in the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used read each sentence carefully and decide whether the correct form has been used or not pay careful attention to the position of the word in the sentence put x next to sentences in which the wrong form has been used draw a line through any incorrect form and write the correct form above it number there are many cases of analogy behavior between humans and animals for example the use of tools by chimpanzees number taxes introduced as temporary measures to deal with specific situations have a habit of becoming permanent number the world react to the disaster was immediate and soon planeloads of badly needed supplies were making their way to affected region number there is a great deal of controversy over whether psychic phenomena actually exist or whether they can be accounted for by natural explanations number the great depress pushed industrial output to very low levels number the unify of germany was one of the most dramatic events of the late number century number the intervene of the japanese central bank helped support the value of the dollar number ultrasonic sonograms can give prospect parents peace of mind that their unborn child is healthy number if all men are created equal then it logically follows that every person should have equal opportunities and protection under the law number according to the medical evidence we can definitely say that smoking is harmful to health c collocation in the following exercise match one of the target words from this unit with a group of words that regularly occur with it circumstances imposing aggregate commence hypothesis sum release coordinate manual concurrent number number number number number support the workers certain activities sessions speculative labor exceptional work conditions alternative control normal efforts treatment predicts gearbox economic policy changes number number number number number building proceedings of money prisoners demand entrance work of the parts energy supply figure production payment tension amount structure trading total information value number expansion a the reading passage illustrates that living together is not automatically the best choice for animals the following table describes a variety of factors relating to social living with a partner discuss and evaluate each factor is it an advantage or disadvantage to live together place a check in the appropriate box if the factor is makes no difference check the does not matter box the first one has been done for you factor advantage of living together disadvantage of living together does not matter number musk oxen react to predators by forming a circle and protecting their young inside number the ratio of males to females in the animal population is number number lions have a hierarchy where only the dominant males breed number living in a large herd can offset a weak individual vulnerability to predators number many species reflect the phenomenon of males being more brightly colored than the females number dominant members can impose their will upon the whole group number the prospect of finding enough food for a large group is less than finding enough food for an individual number in social groups there is increased competition for a breeding partner likewise rivals may mate with one partner number penguins jump into the ocean concurrently in order to minimize the danger of any one individual being eaten by seals number migrating birds coordinate their flight patterns into v resulting in the birds toward the rear of the formation not having to work as hard b choose an animal from the wild and investigate its social patterns write a report in which you clearly identify how much time that animal spends alone or in groups identify the factors which determine whether your chosen animal is social or solitary unit number chapter number review and strategy practice number using your dictionary synonyms synonyms are commonly defined as words that have the same meaning although there are many english words that are close in meaning very few are truly interchangeable shades of meaning grammatical behavior and collocation are some of the factors that differentiate synonyms from one another knowing the differences between synonyms is particularly important for academic writing the sentences below include a target word from unit number along with three of its synonyms determine whether these synonyms are interchangeable with the word in bold use your dictionary to help you find the answers the first one has been done for you can the synonym replace the original word without changing the meaning of the sentence can the synonym replace the word without changes to the grammar of the sentence start originate instigate number we commonly think of an illness as starting when the symptoms commence like the tiredness and runny nose at the beginning of the common cold start no this is more general frequent word would be acceptable in this sentence except for the fact that it has just been used four words earlier originate no it must be followed by an adverb or preposition instigate no it is a transitive verb so it must be followed by an object number passing the magnetic strip on a credit card through a card reader initiates a sequence of automated steps to determine whether the card is legitimate and series whether the amount of the purchase is within the cardholders credit limit cycle chain monetary economic fiscal number the equity principle is based on the proposition that financial markets rely overwhelmingly on the confidence of those who invest in them number queen isabella of spain refused to allow natives of the new world to become slaves and so forced columbus to release the natives he used as servants free let go liberate you can find a word synonyms by looking in a dictionary of synonyms a thesaurus or a production dictionary most word processing programs include a thesaurus for quick look ups number strategy meaning networks a linking words together into meaningful groups is a useful way developing your understanding of their usage and range there are number words from unit number in the box below these words can be sorted into three topics work with a partner to identify which words you associate with each of the topics the first word has been done for you automatic displace investigat restore successive circumstance enforce manual reverse suspend commit immigrate mechanism stimulate temporarily population migration machinery law order immigrate now compare your lists with another pair are your lists the same academic words naturally occur across a number of topic areas which of the above words suit only one topic area which can be used in more than one topic fill in the overlapping circles below number word knowledge academic verb collocations academic verbs can often take a number of collocations for example you can file for bankruptcy file a lawsuit file charges file a report file a complaint etc in the following items four words collocate with the academic verbs and one does not circle the word that does not the first one is done for you number what kinds of things might you cease a production b trading c operations e hostilities number what kind of things might you accumulate a wealth b problems c points d money e knowledge number what kind of things might you amend a punishment b the constitution c the law d a statement e records number what kind of things might you inspect a documents b repairs c damage d someone work e years number what kind of things might you distort a reality b facts c the truth d talent e data number what kind of things might you detect a a presence b a difference c marketing d a change e a disease number what kind of things might you monitor a movies b progress c performance d the situation e changes number what kind of things might you chart a a course b communication c the future d progress e growth number what kind of things might you attain a status b objectives c a goal d a certain size e the world number what kind of things might you assess a needs b effects c damage d thought e the value of something introductory chapter word knowledge a why study academic vocabulary when studying in english you will be required to read a lot of texts write essays respond to exam questions and participate in class discussions you will notice that the style of language differs somewhat from the english you hear in social situations a key component of academic style is the vocabulary used by focusing your vocabulary study on words that frequently occur in academic contexts you will be able to develop your own academic style the words in this textbook are from the academic word list this list of words is made up of number words which occur most frequently across a range of academic study areas if you add these words to a number word basic vocabulary you will be able to understand over number of the words you meet in your academic reading b what does it mean to know a word although you will meet most new academic vocabulary through reading you will also need to be able to use those words when you speak listen and write knowing the meaning of a new word is not enough if you want to use that word in your speaking or writing there are several other elements of word knowledge that are required in order to be sure you are using the best word for the situation to explore this idea look at the following examples of word knowledge for some common english words can you provide full answers number meaning the word bank is very frequent in english which of the following are correct meanings of bank a a business that keeps and lends money b land along the side of a river c a place where human blood is stored until someone needs it d a large amount of clouds e a large box or container in which things can be stored or moved f a large number of machines arranged close together in a row g the money in a gambling game that people can win h a slope made at a curve in a road to make it safe for cars to go around number form the following words all have similar spelling do you know how to pronounce them a though b thought c tough d dough e cough f rough a character b chair c machine d coach e headache f moustache number word families each of the following sentences has one error find them and correct them a my country is a develop country and it needs to build up its industry b in order to develop the economic rapidly we must learn from the west c i think it is very important to get more knowledgement in my area which is related to earth science d as a credit trainee i had to work on loan applications for corporates analyze their financial statements assess their credit worthiness and write a report number collocation all of the answers for the following item have a similar meaning but only three of the answers are good word partners for the word changed in the sentence which word is not a good partner a what is less known about napoleon is that he changed french society by creating the civil code and the commercial code a radically b dramatically c deeply d considerably number synonyms the three words change adapt and modify have similar meanings but they are not exactly the same do you understand the slight differences in meaning well enough to match the words with their sentences a the author wanted to his book into a movie script b the social worker attempted to the child dangerous behavior c it is not possible to your mind after signing a contract number frequency all of the words in each group below have a similar meaning however some of the words are much more common in english than the others can you rank the words in order of how frequently they occur in english write number for the most frequent word number for the next most frequent word number for the least frequent word etc a appliance contrivance device gadget machine b chore duty errand job task number associations as you learn a word better it becomes linked with other words in your mind this is one of the things that can help you use the word faster and more naturally a group of number native speaking university students gave words that they thought associated with the word hungry can you guess which of the following words are associations with hungry and which are not circle the associations empty food house starving sad winter thirsty tired c how do i learn these words using vocabulary learning strategies this book will also give you ideas about strategies to use when learning vocabulary using vocabulary cards is one such strategy look at the example below key points start by writing the word spelling in the top left corner of the front of the card then write the meaning in the top left corner of the back of the card you can write anything that shows you the meaning for example first language translations or english definitions with this small bit of information you can start using the card to learn the word this card is for a japanese student learning the english word horror and so has a japanese translation when you review the card add new information to it in the different sections this makes you think about the word more deeply and expands your knowledge about that word the kinds of information you can put on your card include an example sentence using the word horror how to form the other members of the word family a word map with related words a list of collocations any other information you find interesting or important you can also add a memory picture to the card this is called the keyword technique in this case the first language word horror sounds like the japanese word horu dig see chapter number for more details on this strategy keep filling out the different sections until you know the word well for some words this may require all sections to be completed for other words it may require fewer keep your cards in a box or folder take some cards out and study them often they are portable so you can even take them with you and study them on the way to school or work as you learn a word better move its card toward the back of your box so you will not study it as often cards for new words can be put towards the front where you will see them more often the most important point is to review each word numerous times it is this repetition which builds the memory of a word even after you know a word do not forget to go back and review it occasionally so that you do not forget it and lose the benefits of all your previous effort as you study the academic words in this book try making vocabulary cards to help you remember them studying with vocabulary cards like this will strengthen the learning you started by doing the exercises in this book d using this book the academic word list includes number words but we have deleted the most common words on the list which you probably know already such as area create require and similar the book focuses on the remaining number academic words number per chapter everyone knows that you cannot learn a word well by only studying it once this book will use each word numerous times to give you a better chance of learning it in every chapter the number target words word will first be seen listed in a box next you will find each word in an academic reading passage usually taken from a textbook actually used in university courses the passages have only been slightly modified and so you will first meet the words in real academic contexts the exercises that follow will help you learn the meaning of each of these words you will then study the different forms of some of the words access accessible accessibly after that the focus shifts to collocation where you will learn how to use the academic words appropriately with other words emotional stability political stability finally there will be an exercise where you get to use the academic words in various ways overall you will study each word at least four times in a chapter focusing on different types of word knowledge in addition the words will appear in other chapters in both the reading passages and exercises after every three chapters there will be a review and strategy practice chapter each of these will provide you with a tips and practice for using your dictionary efficiently b vocabulary learning strategy advice c information about word parts and affixes d exercises to help learn about other kinds of word knowledge e additional chances to use the academic words you have studied the vocabulary approach in this book is study based on the latest research which should give you the best chance to learn the academic words the authentic reading passages will also give you valuable practice in reading academic texts we hope you enjoy using this book and are successful in learning a lot of academic vocabulary good luck

Demo Output for Schmitt & Schmitt (2004) Focus on Academic Vocab, London: Longman.