VOCABPROFILE ENGLISH OUTPUT

Note: In the output text, punctuation is eliminated; all figures (1, 20, etc) are replaced by the word number; contractions are replaced by constituent words (won't => will not); type-token ration is calculated using said constituents; and in the 1k sub-analysis content + function words may sum to less than total (depending on user treatment of proper nouns and program decision to class numbers as 1k although not contained in 1k list).

Integral text: unit number chapter number technology and society number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates what aspects of our society have changed the most during the past fifty years what is one important cause of social change in what ways are societies today better or worse than they were number years ago give some examples number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge when you study vocabulary it is important to notice both the number of new words you are learning and how much your knowledge of previously studied words is increasing use the following scale to determine your knowledge of the academic words in this chapter number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing look at each of the target words in the box use the above scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement target words capacity diverse evidence item complex element evolve manipulate contrast encounter furthermore neutral consequences environment generation source contemporary estimate global symbolize decline eventually interact transform number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on sociology the passage introduces the concept of society and societal change as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold human societies from the iceman to us number"i thought at first it was a doll head said helmut simon a german tourist who in number made one of the scientific finds of the century simon was hiking across a huge glacier in south west austria near the italian border when he stumbled upon a familiar shape protruding from the melting ice he soon realized that it was not a doll but a human body the socalled iceman who died some number number years ago making him the oldest member of our species to be discovered essentially intact number imagine you were born some number years ago in the year number although this is very recent in terms of the billions of years of the existence of planet earth you would still have been living in a remarkably different world you would never have been to a shop let alone a shopping center you would never have encountered the world of cars railways airplanes telephones cameras computers televisions and more than this the idea of voting for your government going to college choosing your religion or even choosing your identity would all have been rare welcome to the modern world numberlife has certainly changed in number years and sociology was born out of a concern with this rapidly changing character of the modern industrial world with where we have come from and where we are heading for sociologists the term society means all the people who interact in a defined space and share culture in this sense both a continent like europe and specific individual countries such as norway or japan may be seen as societies number even humans living thousands of years ago were members of early human societies evidence for this comes from the iceman so named because he was discovered untouched in an austrian glacier in number examining the iceman clothes scientists were astonished at how advanced this cave man society was the iceman hair was neatly cut and his body had numerous tattoos that probably symbolized his standing in the community he wore a skillfully sewn leather coat over which a grass cape provided greater protection from the weather his shoes also made of leather were stuffed with grass for comfort and warmth he carried with him an axe a wood handled knife and a bow that shot feathered arrows with stone points a primitive backpack held additional tools and personal items including natural medicines made from plants it is estimated that he died some number number years ago before a great empire existed in egypt before the flowering of culture in ancient greece and before any society in europe built a single city as people who take for granted rapid transportation and instant global communication we can look on this ancestor as a connection to our distant past number sociologists have identified great differences among societies that have flourished and declined throughout human history they have observed how societies change over centuries as the people in them gain greater ability to manipulate their natural environment societies with basic technology can support only a small number of people who enjoy few choices about how to live technologically complex societies while not necessarily better in any absolute sense develop large populations people in these societies are likely to lead diverse highly specialized lives number the greater the amount of technological skill and knowledge a society has the faster the rate at which the society changes technologically simple societies then change very slowly take for example some of the clothing worn by the austrian iceman it differs only slightly from clothes used by shepherds in the same area of the world early in the twentieth century by contrast industrial technologically advanced societies change so quickly that people witness remarkable transformations within their lifetimes again consider some familiar elements of contemporary culture that would probably puzzle delight and possibly frighten people who lived just a few generations ago fast food faxes mobile phones computer games artificial hearts fiber optics test tube babies and many many others indeed it is a strange modern world we live in even when compared with the world of the recent past number consider also the countless consequences of technological change when our ancestors first harnessed the power of the wind by using a sail they set the stage for the invention of kites sailing ships windmills and eventually airplanes we are only now beginning to see how our modern lives are being changed by recent technologies like atomic energy or the computer number sociologists divide societies into five types according to their technologies number hunting and gathering societies number horticultural and pastoral societies number agrarian societies number industrial societies and number postindustrial societies hunting and gathering societies use simple technologies to gather food from nature such as hunting animals and picking berries horticultural and pastoral societies grow their own plants and raise animals to eat agrarian societies which first appeared around the time of the iceman use technologies such as animal drawn ploughs to farm on a larger scale agrarian societies were also the first to develop such technological innovations as irrigation the wheel writing numbers and expanded uses for metals industrial societies use technology that powers sophisticated machinery with advanced sources of energy before the industrial era the major source of energy was the muscle power of humans and animals in industrial societies people learn mechanical skills so that they can operate the machinery needed to produce material goods these societies transformed themselves more in a century than previous societies had in thousands of years postindustrial societies like the ones many of us live in today have developed technologies that support an information based economy people in these societies create process store and apply information through the use of computers fax machines satellites and other forms of communication technology number technology has a big impact on a society but in itself it is neutral people are the ones who decide how to use technology and whether it is used for good or bad purposes armed with the capacity to reshape the world human societies must understand both the social benefits and problems caused by the desire for technological change furthermore it is important to note that the five types of societies described above do not evolve into each other in an automatic process in fact in modern times all of these societies may be said to coexist adapted from macionis j j and plummer k number sociology a global introduction new york prentice hall europe pp number number words number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what do sociologists mean by the term society do you agree with this definition why or why not number describe three technological advances in recent years that have changed the society you live in number how are technologically advanced societies different from societies with simpler technologies give an example of each type of society number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number match the words with their definitions if you are unsure about a word meaning try to figure it out from context by rereading the passage on pages number then check your dictionary the first one has been done for you set number number c number source a having many closely related parts or details number diverse b not supporting one purpose or cause above another number estimate c where something comes from number encounter d different or varied number complex e a single thing in a set a group or list number neutral f judge an amount partly by calculating number item and partly by guessing g meet someone or experience something without planning to set number number interact a the average period of time between the birth of a number element person and the birth of that person children number contemporary b a basic or important part of something number generation c talk or work together with others number consequences d skillfully handle control or use something number manipulate e a word used to introduce comparison between people number contrast objects or situations f the results of a particular action or situation g belonging to the present time modern number read the list of words next to each numbered word one word in each list is not a synonym word or phrase with a similar meaning for the numbered word cross it out the first one has been done for you number evolve develop number transform change change make over correct succeed grow alter number global limited number furthermore in addition international on the other hand overall also worldwide moreover number environment setting number eventually finally pollution in time surroundings in the end situation in a little while number evidence facts number decline go down information improve proof weaken belief fall number symbolize be an emblem of number capacity ability change power stand for progress represent competence b word families most words belong to a family of words with a shared meaning for example the word forms serious seriousness and seriously are related to one another to know which form to use you must figure out the word part of speech in a sentence in the reading human societies forms of the word technology appear number times the differences in the spelling indicate different parts of speech as shown below noun verb adjective adverb technology x no form technological technologically number the table below contains word families for some of the target words in the reading complete the chart x indicates that there is no form or that the form is not common sometimes there may be more than one form possible if you are unsure about a form check your dictionary word families table verb noun adjective adverb interact interaction interactive interactively diversify number diversity number diversification diverse diversely estimate number estimate number estimation estimated x x number globe number globalization global globally symbolize number number x complex x transform x x eventually evolve x number choose the correct form of the word in bold in sentence a to complete sentence b use the word family table you just completed as a guide the first one has been done for you number a communication is one area in which there have been amazing developments in technology b technologically advanced methods of growing food have still not prevented hunger in some parts of the world number a visitors to a new country are encouraged to interact with the local people to learn more about their culture b social is an important part of childhood development number a environmentalists work to save endangered plants and animals because biological diversity is necessary for the existence of humankind b major soft drink companies have their product line by adding bottled water as a new product number a the estimation that one fifth of americans are seriously overweight is shocking b historians that among the more than number number people who died on the titanic class age and sex played a key role in who lived and who died number a the worldwide popularity of products like the walkman is an example of globalization b environmental groups and governments use the phrase think act locally to encourage people to think of ways to save resources everyday number a both a red cross and a red crescent are used to symbolize the international organization whose aim is to protect and provide assistance to victims of war b historically being overweight was once a of wealth because it showed that you had enough money to eat well number a many people feel that the job of being a parent today is much more complex than it was in the past b the of the relationship between technological development and environmental change is still not fully understood number a since the fall of the berlin wall in number many eastern european communist parties have transformed themselves into socialist parties b the newly factory now houses number young professionals living in luxury apartments number a the eventual end of the strike occurred after long discussions between union leaders and the employer b one purpose of insurance is to protect people from an that they cannot otherwise prepare for in advance number a languages as diverse as danish and chinese have influenced the evolution of the english language b because medical technology is always doctors must regularly attend training programs c collocation when you look at words in context you can see patterns in the way they are used these patterns are not based on rules of grammar but on traditions of use by native speakers certain words tend to occur together and this is called collocation for example we say tall girl tall building and high wall high point but we do not say high girl high building or tall wall tall point sometimes the link between word partners and their meaning is clear and unsurprising for example in the collocations bright light or heavy load other times the link may be unexpected as when we say bright child or heavy heart here are some typical collocation patterns noun number verb birds sing verb number noun deliver a baby adjective number noun specific information verb number adverb breathe heavily noun numbernoun bear market because collocations are not based on rules of grammar the patterns for each word are one of a kind therefore you must build up your knowledge of collocations one at a time this section introduces a sample of the patterns you need to know in your academic reading and writing apply your growing understanding of collocation to new words and words you already know each item below contains three sentences with the same collocation write a fourth sentence of your own using the same word partners the first one has been done for you number the news report resulted in damaging consequences for the company pollution in the oceans can have very damaging consequences for ocean life the damaging consequences of unemployment affect all levels of society the failure of the bank will have damaging consequences for its customers number the rapid decline in housing prices had a negative effect on the economy the team failure to win any games led to a rapid decline in fan support because of the rapid decline in the patient health the doctor had to perform an emergency operation number the government was accused of manipulating the unemployment figures to cover up the seriousness of the problem united nations election observers aim to prevent candidates from manipulating voting figures before and after elections the accountants of several leading companies have been manipulating profit and loss figures to hide the true state of company finances number there is mounting evidence that some types of fish will disappear completely from the north sea if over fishing is not stopped the education department has mounting evidence that the newly introduced tests are not leading to higher standards of teaching and learning there is mounting scientific evidence that global warming is damaging the earth atmosphere number university sources confirmed that tuition prices would rise next year government sources confirmed that the president would travel to the far east in early spring media sources confirmed that fighting had restarted in the war zone number the basic elements of an enjoyable movie are a good story and interesting characters soy products are a basic element of many chinese and japanese recipes a basic element of the new economic plan was a reduction in taxes for the poor and elderly number if we do not take care of the environment now future generations will suffer future generations may be even more dependent on technology than we are it is difficult to guess how future generations will live number years from now number the united nations issued a resolution to protect the environment every country needs to do its part to protect the environment we can protect the environment by using non polluting sources of energy such as wind power number the earning capacity of a woman in her lifetime is generally much less than that of a man government officials argue that the costs of tuition for college students are offset by increased earning capacity after graduation variations in the earning capacity of stocks and bonds are related to rises and falls in the market number there is often a marked contrast between the cost of living in cities and the cost of living in the countryside voters observed a marked contrast between the politician pre election promises and his voting record in congress teachers have noticed a marked contrast in behavior between children who do not have breakfast before school and those who do number expansion an important part of academic study is forming and supporting opinions about the topic you are studying a read the statements below and indicate whether you agree a or disagree d then discuss your opinions with a partner number the globalization of contemporary culture will eventually destroy the uniqueness of diverse societies number there is no real evidence for the existence of unidentified flying objects ufos number it is no longer realistic for the members of one generation to expect their standard of living to be significantly better than that of the previous generation number all governments should cut back on military spending furthermore the money saved should be used to support the neediest members of society number governments should charge higher taxes on luxury items so that necessities such as heating oil and clothing can be sold tax free number in order to save the environment governments of developed countries should limit individuals use of natural resources number there is not enough interaction between teenagers and parents these days number taking a position of neutrality in times of disagreement is a sign of weakness number newspapers unfairly manipulate public opinion by printing one sided news stories number young people today are likely to encounter more difficulties in their lives than their parents did a generation ago b now choose one of the statements from part a write a short personal essay that expresses your opinions and reasoning be sure to provide evidence to support your opinions unit number chapter number social experience and personal development number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates who influenced you most when you were growing up do you think this person or group of people had an important role in shaping the kind of person you are today why or why not what kind of influence would you like to have on the next generation number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words affect conflict ethnicity range apparent conform evaluation retain aspect contact gender rigid attitude distinction media significance concept document persist style confer dominance process vary number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on sociology the passage focus on four factors that influence our social development today as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold social forces that shape us number every social experience we have affects us in at least some small way in modern industrial and postindustrial societies however there are four familiar influences that have special significance in the socialization process they are the family schooling peer groups and the mass media the family number the family is the most important agent of socialization because it represents the center of children lives babies are almost totally dependent on others and the responsibility of meeting their needs almost always falls on parents and other family members at least until the start of schooling the family is responsible for teaching children cultural values attitudes and prejudices about themselves and others number family based socialization is not entirely intentional children learn continuously from the kind of environment that adults create for them whether children learn to think of themselves as strong or weak smart or stupid loved or simply tolerated and whether they believe the world to be safe or dangerous largely stems from this early environment that adults create number parenting styles aside parental attention is important in the social development of children physical contact verbal stimulation and openness from parents and others all encourage intellectual growth number the family also confers on children a specific social position that is parents not only bring children into the physical world they also place them in society in terms of race ethnicity religion and class in time all of these elements become part of a child self concept or idea of him or her self of course some aspects of social position may change later on but social standing at birth affects us throughout our lives in many ways then parents teach their children to follow in their footsteps schooling number schooling stretches children social world to include people with social backgrounds that differ from their own as children encounter social diversity they learn the significance society gives to people race and sex and they often act accordingly for instance studies document the tendency of children to gather together in play groups composed of one race and gender number formally schooling teaches children a wide range of knowledge and skills but schools provide a host of other lessons informally through what sociologists call the hidden curriculum activities such as spelling tests and sports teach children key cultural values such as competitive success children also receive countless formal and informal messages supporting their society way of life as morally good number moving beyond the personal web of family life children entering school soon discover that evaluations of skills like reading and arithmetic are based on impersonal standardized tests here the focus changes from who they are to how they perform of course the confidence or anxiety that children develop at home can have a significant effect on how well they perform in school number school is also most children first experience with rigid formality the school day runs on a strict timetable and children are encouraged to conform to impersonal rules and be on time not surprisingly conformity and punctuality are the same kinds of behavior expected by most of the large organizations that will employ these same children later in life number schools also socialize children with regard to gender although gender roles are evolving in the first years of school boys often take part in more physical activities and spend more time outdoors while girls tend to be less active gender distinctions continue into the higher years and persist right through college women for example encounter pressure to choose degrees in the arts or humanities while men are steered towards the physical sciences the peer group number by the time they enter school children have also discovered the peer group a social group whose members have interests social position and age in common a young child peer group is generally made up of neighborhood friends later peer groups are composed of friends from school or elsewhere number unlike the family and the school the peer group allows young people to escape from the direct control of adults with this newfound independence members of peer groups gain valuable experience in forming social relationships on their own and developing a sense of themselves apart from their families peer groups also give young people the opportunity to discuss interests that may not be shared by adults such as fashion and popular music or are not approved of by parents such as violent movies or video games number for the young the attraction of the peer group lies in the ever present possibility of activity not permitted by adults for the same reason parents express concern about who their children friends are in a rapidly changing society peer groups often rival parents in influence as the attitudes of parents and children separate along the lines of a generation gap the dominance of peer groups is typically strongest during the teenage years as young people begin to break away from their families and think of themselves as responsible adults at this stage of life young people often show anxious conformity to peers because this new identity and sense of belonging eases some of the anxiety brought on by breaking away from the family number the conflict between parents and peers may be more apparent than real however for even during the teenage years children remain strongly influenced by their families peers may guide short term concerns such as fashion and musical taste but parents retain greater influence over the long term goals of their children one study for example found that parents had more influence than even best friends on young people educational aspirations the mass media number the fourth major influence on social development is the mass media impersonal communications directed to a vast audience the term media is a latin word meaning middle suggesting that the media function to connect people today more than ever the mass media television radio and newspapers have a great impact on our lives for this reason they are an important element in the socialization process television introduced in number has rapidly become the dominant means of communication throughout the world just how dependent on television are we figures vary by group nation class and gender but average homes may well keep a television on for seven hours or more each day years before children learn to read watching television has become a regular habit and as they grow up young girls and boys spend as many hours in front of a television as they do in school indeed children spend as much time watching television as they do interacting with their parents number family schooling peers and mass media all have an impact on how we are socialized as children each of these social influences has the power to shape our thoughts feelings and actions yet as free humans we also have the ability to act back on society and in so doing shape our own lives and the world we live in as is evident in the changes that have occurred in gender roles in the last thirty years adapted from macionis j j and plummer k number sociology a global introduction new york prentice hall europe pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following on your own base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number describe each of the four factors that shape our social development give examples of how each factor shapes us number how are the influences of family and peer group related to one another number in what ways can peer groups have a positive influence in what ways can they have a negative effect give examples number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning number many words have more than one meaning when you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading you can look up the word in a dictionary if the word has multiple meanings use context clues words and phrases around the word to figure out which meaning fits each of the following target words appears in the reading on pages number use the paragraph number in parentheses to locate each word in context read the dictionary definitions below write the letter of the definition that reflects how the word is used in the reading the first one is done for you b number significance number a the meaning of a word sign action etc especially when this is not immediately clear discussion of the significance of the poem b the importance of an event action etc especially because of the influences it will have in the future we are just starting to realize the significance of the problem number process number a a system or a treatment of materials that is used to produce goods an advanced industrial process b a series of human actions or operations that are performed intentionally to reach a particular result the process of learning to read number attitude number a the way that you behave toward someone or something especially when this shows how you feel sarah a good student with a good attitude b informal a style or behavior that shows you have the confidence to do daring things without caring what others think this is solid rock n roll played with attitude number style number a the particular way that someone behaves works or deals with other people i prefer a more informal teaching style b a particular design or fashion especially for something such as clothes hair furniture etc number contact number a communication or meeting with a person organization country etc or the occasion on which the communication takes place b the act or state of touching or being close to someone or something the disease cannot be spread through casual contact number aspect number a the direction in which a window room or door faces b one part of a situation idea plan etc that has many parts number range number a a number of different things of the same general type b the distance within which something can be seen or heard number rigid number a physically stiff and not moving or bending b strict or difficult to change rigid rules number distinction number a a clear difference between things the distinction between rights and laws b something that makes a person or thing special neil armstrong had the distinction or being the first man on the moon number conflict number a a state of disagreement or argument between people groups countries etc serious political conflict b a situation in which there is a choice between two or more opposing things the principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality number apparent number a seeming to be real or true although it may not really be so b easily noticed or understood her embarrassment was apparent to everyone number retain number a keep something or continue to have something b keep facts in your memory number each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word read each sentence and then select the matching target word from the box the first one is done for you affect vary evaluation conform ethnicity persist concept dominance document gender media confer number employers cannot ask about ethnicity on job application forms race nationality number the older boy over the younger children worried some parents power control number overseas travel can a person view of the world influence change number ideas of correct parenting from culture to culture differ contrast number parents their children early life through the family photo album record set down number the teacher positive of the student work increased her confidence assessment judgment number heavy rain will throughout the weekend continue carry on number many teenagers do not want to to their parents style of dress or taste in music adapt adjust number the event was widely publicized in the local newspaper radio number one goal of public schooling is to help children develop a n of social responsibility idea view number a country constitution on its citizens certain rights and responsibilities gives bestows number writers will often use plural forms to replace the pronouns he and she in order to avoid bias in their writing sexual identity female or male word tip note that social scientists often use the word gender to refer to a social or cultural distinction while they use the word sex to refer to a biological distinction between male and female gender affects the total salary people will receive in their lifetime scientific and technological advances allow expectant parents to find out the sex of their baby before it is born b word families most of the target words introduced in this chapter are part of a word family by learning the other members of a word family you can recognize words more quickly when you read or listen and express yourself more clearly when you write or speak spelling patterns can help you identify a word part of speech number study the members of the word families in the table below look for spelling patterns for the noun adjective and adverb forms of the words list the patterns below an example has been done for you word families table verb noun adjective adverb conform conformity x x contact contact contact x x distinction distinct distinctive distinctly distinctively dominate domination dominance dominant dominating x x ethnicity ethnic ethnically evaluate evaluation evaluative x persist persistence persistent persistently x rigidity rigid rigidly x significance significant significantly vary variation varied x nouns number ity number tion number ance or ence adjectives adverbs number read each sentence and identify the part of speech of the missing word write an appropriate form for the target word in the blank use the word families table above to help you the first one has been done for you number because it burns more cleanly natural gas has a significant significance environmental advantage over oil number even a small vary in the amount of medicine given to person who is sick can have serious consequences number teenagers often rebel against the conform of school uniforms by personalizing book bags and notebooks with decorations number there are persist rumors that the software company will soon go out of business number although the sound was coming from far away he could still hear it distinct number britain was the dominate international power during the number century number contact lenses made out of glass were first developed in germany in number number the subjective nature of literature makes it difficult to evaluation the true worth of any particular story or poem number the strength of a building or bridge largely depends on the rigid of the materials used to build it number while factors such as age and gender do significantly affect participation in sports factors such as marital status and ethnic do not c collocation you develop your knowledge of collocations by seeing and hearing words in many contexts and noticing which words form partnerships with one another remember that a collocation can contain different parts of speech and perform different grammatical functions within a sentence as shown in the examples below examples a weak students often have a bad attitude toward completing homework adjective number noun b scientists attitudes toward the theory changed after the surprising discovery noun number preposition c he had a complete change in attitude after failing the test noun number noun each item below contains three example sentences with same target word in each sentence the target word is paired with a different word and forms a different collocation in the fourth sentence the collocation has been left blank choose the collocation from the example best fits the last sentence write the correct collocation in the blank you may need to change the form of a word to fit the sentence the first one has been done for you number a the local media gave greater coverage to the story of the school fire than to the president speech b the news media is influential in shaping the opinions of society c famous people often accuse the mass media of invading their privacy d small town human interest stories and public service announcements are most commonly found in local media number a public anger with the plan will force a more critical evaluation of all future projects b only a neutral person can give a truly objective evaluation of a situation c we need a realistic evaluation of the medical options in order to make a clear decision d an outside expert was called in to provide a n of the proposed budget because there was too much disagreement between department heads number a the national park retained control of the land even though it was being used for commercial farming b american universities retain close ties with past graduates through their alumni associations c home health nurses serve a vital function in that they allow the elderly to retain their independence even after the effects of aging have set in d in order to over the crowd at the parade the police set up barriers to prevent spectators from walking into the street number a the president of the university was happy to confer an honorary degree on the nobel peace prize winner b among many primitive tribes being an skilled hunter confers a high status upon an individual c each year the queen of england confers titles on british subjects who have provided particularly useful services to the country d wearing a trendy brand of clothes can do much to on teenagers in the eyes of their peers number a poor physical conditions a heavy workload and personality conflicts with co workers are all causes of stress at work b by unlocking the secrets of dna scientists have opened up new areas of potential conflict between scientific progress and ethics c the general had no wish to start an armed conflict that he was not certain of winning d the political leaders were unable to prevent the peaceful protests developing into number a finding a cure for cancer is a continuing process b the decision making process in large organizations can be awkward and unmanageable c quality control must be in place in all phases of the production process d the industrial revolution led to major changes in the of a variety of man made goods number a people who have a positive attitude towards life tend to live longer b many people adopt a wait and see attitude toward new technology c students often express unfavorable attitudes to video taped lectures being offered in place of a live professor d the older generation often has a n toward the fashion and music of the younger generation number a although the history of the first and second world wars has been amply documented new accounts of both wars are still being written b the contents of the art exhibition had to be fully documented for insurance purposes c the scientist report carefully documents the development of the new drug d the causes of many social problems have not been because research is still ongoing number a the supermarket was popular with international students because it stocked an extensive range of ethnic foods b the restaurant could only offer a restricted range of meals because the electricity had gone out earlier in the day c the college was able to offer a surprising range of degrees given its small size d the toys were only suitable for a n age as they had many small parts which could be swallowed by small children number a the goal of today lecture is to examine the concept of culturel in today multicultural society b efforts to develop the concept of a global village are being held back by ongoing ethnic and regional conflicts c the staff development workshop aimed to introduce the concept of relationship marketing to the sales team d scientists are working to of artificial intelligence through work with increasingly complex computer programs number expansion a complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box be sure to use the correct word form based on the context affects aspects distinct media style apparent conform gender significantly varies emotions in global perspective do we all feel the same number we know that the people in our family school and peer group affect the person we become in addition the mass number particularly television affects our social development since every person experiences and environment are somewhat different does this mean that all people are completely number from one another or are there some number which all people share for example do people the world over share similar feelings and do they express them in the same way number in fact scientists have concluded that people throughout the world experience six basic emotions anger fear disgust happiness surprise and sadness moreover people everywhere can easily recognize these emotions in the same distinctive facial expressions this seeming or number similarity means that much of our emotional life is universal rather than culturally variable and that the display of emotion is biologically programmed rather than determined by our environment number but even if the reality of emotions is rooted in our biology there are three ways in which emotional life differs number in the global perspective first what causes a specific emotion number from one society to another whether people define a particular situation as an insult causing anger a loss calling forth sadness or a mystical event provoking surprise and awe depends on the cultural surroundings of the individual number second people number to the norms of their culture when displaying emotion every society has rules about when where and to whom an individual may show certain emotions for instance people in the united states typically expect children to express emotions to parents though adults are taught to guard their emotions in front of children number third society number how people cope with emotions some societies encourage the expression of feelings while others require a calmer number of behavior for example in america when someone encounters an old friend after a long period of time the two may hug each other in other countries they may only shake hands societies also display significant gender differences in this regard in england most people consider emotional expression as feminine expected of women but a sign of weakness in men in other societies however this number typing of emotions is less pronounced or even reversed adapted from macionis j j and plummer k number sociology a global introduction new york prentice hall europe ppnumber number words b think about what you have just read and what you know about how emotions are expressed differently in various countries working with a partner select two countries and write a comparison contrast essay that focuses on how emotions are expressed in these two countries in what ways is emotional expression similar in what ways is emotional expression different unit number chapter number the changing nature of the family number getting started discuss the following questions with your classmates how many people are there in your family is this a good number why or why not what is the average family size in your country is there a trend toward having larger or smaller families what are the advantages and disadvantages of larger and smaller families number target words assessing your vocabulary knowledge look at each of the target words in the box use the scale to give yourself a score for each word after you finish the chapter score yourself again to check your improvement number i do not know this word number i have seen this word before but i am not sure of the meaning number i understand the word when i see it or hear it in a sentence but i do not know how to use it in my own speaking and writing number i know this word and can use it in my own speaking and writing target words assistance cooperate maintain purchase available domestic minority rely consist function negative resource consume isolation network structure contribute labor nuclear transition conversely locate promote trend number reading the following passage is adapted from an introductory textbook on sociology the passage focuses on a typical model of the family and how that is changing as you read it pay special attention to the target vocabulary words in bold family structure number although families around the world perform many of the same functions family structure differs significantly from society to society and even from group to group because family structure is such an important aspect of premodern and modern societies it has always been a special focus in the social sciences kinship vs family number sociologists and anthropologists make an important distinction between the family and the kinship group although both are commonly called families in english kinship refers to a social group of people who are related by common ancestry or origin by marriage or by adoption kin can include close relatives such as parents and distant relatives such as third cousins kin do not always live together and function as a group although they recognize certain rights responsibilities and obligations to one another for example in american society kin may come together for thanksgiving or a family reunion numberin contrast a family is a relatively small domestic group who do function as a cooperative unit in the united states the family is usually a group consisting of parents and their children in many societies though the family includes relatives from three or more generations for example a group of brothers and their wives their sons and their unmarried daughters and their sons wives and children may live together or near one another cooperating to raise food maintain the home and care for children and the elderly if the individuals function as a single unit sociologists consider them to be a family if however they simply live next door to one another and do not pool their resources they are viewed as separate families even though they may be related numberduring their lifetimes most people are members of two different types of family groups the family into which they were born and the family that they create when they marry and have children societies differ in the cultural emphasis they place on these two groups among the pueblo indians for example the family a person is born into is given a special significance whereas the family a person marries into is treated more casually when a pueblo indian couple marry the woman stays in her mother household and her husband moves in if the couple do not get along and divorce the husband moves back to his mother household with little fuss nuclear and extended families number although the culturally ideal western family is the nuclear family a two generation family group that consists of a father and mother and their children usually living apart from other relatives variations on this pattern are common death and divorce leave many families with only one parent an elderly grandparent may join the household economic problems may force a married child to bring his or her partner and children to live with the family when a family is a group that consists of three or more generations it is called an extended family numbere two parent nuclear family is most typical of the middle and upper classes and while the single parent family is found in all social classes it is more common among the lower classes single parent families are generally the result of divorce and separation out of wedlock birth and male unemployment the extended family is also more common among the lower classes mainly because of economic conditions numbermost middle class nuclear families can afford to hire someone to babysit for their children to help them move to a new house or to care for the sick they are able to borrow money from the bank when they need it for emergencies or for luxury items such as a new car thus there are few economic reasons for a middle class family to be extended numbere purchase of products and services is a luxury that poorer families often cannot afford such families generally must rely on family members and relatives to provide the goods and services they cannot afford to buy a cousin will babysit a brother will lend money to his sister until the next payday a grandmother will take the children to a doctor if necessary without this network of shared assistance families with low incomes would not be able to provide for their needs or handle many types of emergencies the more family members who are available the more likely one is to get assistance thus large extended families with strong ties can be a real advantage indeed a necessity for lower income families the global trend towards nuclear families numberfamily structure around the world has been gradually changing in the direction of the nuclear form this transition is thought to have begun in pre industrial rural england at that time and place families of three or more generations were already a distinct minority numbertoday the trend toward the nuclear family seems to be closely associated with the urbanization industrialization and modernization of societies as industry replaces agriculture as the main form of work younger family members typically leave the farms and rural villages and move to the cities where jobs are located often weakening ties with those left behind once in the cities families continue to move for employment and other reasons such as better housing conditions retirement and more comfortable weather the agricultural family is likely to be extended and tied to a piece of land while the industrial family is nuclear and much more mobile number the decline of the extended family is thus promoted by the changing nature of work in rural societies as among the poor in industrial societies the extended family offers an economic advantage each member of the family does some productive work less able bodied family members such as children the elderly or members with a disability can each contribute in some way to the economic interests of the family unit in industrial societies however these family members are treated as less essential economically and are employed only under certain conditions for example when there is a labor shortage they therefore produce little for the family unit yet they consume at about the same rate as do producers the extended family can therefore be a disadvantage in industrial societies number the transition from the extended to the nuclear family has brought with it much greater freedom and personal mobility for the individual in the extended family individual needs are generally of lesser importance compared to the demands of the larger group privacy for example is hard to find however there are negative features to the nuclear family too although individuals are freed from a wide variety of responsibilities and obligations other family members are conversely no longer as responsible for them because the family is now a smaller unit emotional and economic support may be more limited as each family member has fewer people available to turn to for companionship or assistance the result may be the increased social isolation of individuals adapted from popenoe d number sociology englewood cliffs nj prentice hall pp number number words understanding the reading respond to the following base your responses on the reading and your personal experiences number what is the difference between a family and a kinship group number in what ways do economic factors such as income level and employment affect family structure number this reading was published in number what new trends in family structure have you observed in the number century describe how the family is changing number focusing on vocabulary a word meaning when you encounter an unfamiliar word use context clues to determine the word meaning look at the example suppose that you came across the word isolation in the following sentences but did not know the exact meaning of the word example people living in isolation are often lonely you know that lonely people are often by themselves or apart from other people people with dangerous diseases are often held in isolation areas in hospitals so that other people do not catch their disease you know that people with dangerous diseases must often be kept away from other people so that their disease will not spread from the context of each sentence you can determine that isolation means the state or act of being apart from others number read the sentences below and choose the word or phrase that best matches the meaning of the target word in bold use context clues in the sentences to determine the correct meaning check your dictionary if you are not sure of the answer the first one has been done for you number jobs requiring unskilled labor are often more physical than those requiring skilled labor as can be seen when comparing the job of a farm hand with that of a computer operator as a society industrializes and many jobs are taken over by machines the demand for labor decreases a process b employment c workers number exercise and sensible eating are necessary to maintain a healthy body many families now need to two incomes to maintain their desired lifestyle a increase b destroy c keep up number only a tiny minority of families earn more than one million dollars per year italians form a small ethnic minority in canada a larger part of a big group b a small part of a larger group c exactly number of a group number anger and hate are negative emotions children find that negative behavior often results in punishment a bad or harmful b good or helpful c somewhat good or helpful number supporters of democracy aim to promote its development worldwide when governments talk about family values many people believe their real aim is to promote the nuclear family a encourage b advertise c diminish number gold and diamonds are two of south africa most valuable natural resources the international company had enough financial resources to maintain its dominance over its domestic competition a possessions with a b possessions with no value c useful possessions little value number the united kingdom has a single national pay structure for all university teachers the structure of an english sentence includes a subject verb and object or complement a element b arrangement or organization c process number the transition between high school and college can be difficult which is why many students drop out the transition from communism to democracy is continuing in eastern europe a skill or ability b confusion c act or process of changing number the current trend in education is to encourage parents to take an active role in their children schooling at the beginning of the number century most stock markets were in a downward trend a situation without change b confused situation c general way things are changing number some pueblo cliff dwellings are located in mesa verde national park colorado housing located near train or subway stations often costs more because of the ease of getting to work a in a particular place b convenient c established number janet is steve wife conversely steve is janet husband rap music can be seen as a bad influence on young people or conversely it can be seen as a means of describing the realities of modern society a in speaking of this b because of this c in an opposite way number read the sentences below and use context to figure out the meaning of the target words in bold look for a core meaning that provides a general understanding of each target word write the meaning in your own words the first one has been done for you number people often assist the police by describing what happened during a crime the rescue service provided assistance to the ship in trouble assist to help or support number before you write a check you must be sure that you have enough money available in the bank to cover the amount the government wished to increase the availability of affordable health care to poorer people available number a month consists of number days a square is a shape consisting of four equal sides and four number angles consist number scientists recommend that people consume around two liters of water daily car manufactures are now able to lower fuel consumption because technological advances have made engines more efficient consume number cooperation between teachers and parents can do much to improve a child education conversation analysts have found that women tend to be cooperative in conversations while men tend to be competitive cooperate number those who are unable to contribute money to the school building fund may help by giving their time employees may contribute a percentage of their monthly salary to a pension fund which will be paid back to them after age number or at the time of retirement contribute number the police were called out to the family home to settle a domestic argument the artist painted a scene of happy domesticity a large family sitting around the table eating a festive meal domestic number the function of the telephone is to provide easy convenient communication even though the factory was a century old all of the equipment was still functional and worked perfectly function number the paris metro one of the best subway systems in the world contains a vast network of interconnected train lines the inter library loan network enables students and staff to borrow library books from other universities in the state network number many students prefer to rent formal clothing for dances and balls because the cost of purchasing such items is so high the family used most of its money for the purchase of necessities such as food and clothing purchase number these days many families rely on both husband and wife working in order to earn enough money for daily living bus use in the city is low because most commuters feel they cannot rely on a service that it is regularly late rely word tip in introductory academic texts subject related vocabulary is often defined in the text paragraph number of family structure gives the definition of the term nuclear family between two dashes although the culturally ideal western family is the nuclear family a two generation family group that consists of a father and mother and their children usually living apart from other relatives variations on this pattern are common as you read look out for other definitions of subject related vocabulary within parentheses commas or dashes b word families when using new words in writing learners often select a word with the right meaning but the wrong word form or part of speech checking your writing to ensure that you have used the correct form is a very important step in editing your work read the sentences below some of the target words have been used correctly but in six sentences a wrong word form has been used if the wrong form has been used write the correct form if the form is correct put a checkmark v the first two items have been done for you availability number the building boom in the city has increased the available of cheap office space number the transitional government carried out the work of the nation until the elections were held six months later number automotive groups believe that new roads must be built to solve traffic problems converse environmentalists believe that new roads simply add to these problems number products that are sold for both domestic and restaurant use are sometimes packaged differently number isolating is one form of punishment that prisons use for difficult criminals number after the storm there was only one functioning telephone in the area number fifteen percent of the world people consuming number percent of the world energy number one function of education in any country is the promotion of that country cultural values number like the family the workplace can only operate if there is a clear structurally number an individual daily contributor to the world pollution problems may seem small but when added together over years it is significant c collocation fluent users of a language have become used to the natural patterns in which words appear as a language learner it will be easier for others to understand you if you use these same natural patterns a number of the words in this unit form word partnerships or collocations this means that when one word occurs in

Demo Output for Schmitt & Schmitt (2004) Focus on Academic Vocab, London: Longman.